
Class 
Book. 



CopyriglitW 






COPyRIGHT DEPOSnV 



NOTES ON EAfiLY 



AMERICAN HISTORY 



BY 



SOPHIE J. GOWEN 




0. VV. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 

1900 



Copyright, 1900, by C. W. Bardeen 



¥1 



ERRATA 

Page 30, line 10, for Dias, 1496, read Diaz, 1497. 

Page 37, line 2, for district, read distinct. 

Page 55, line 19, for 1833 read 1633. 

Page 65, line 2. for St. Mary read St. Mary's. 

Page 66, line 8, for 1644 read 1634. 

Page 122, line 11, for 1775 read 1776. 



K-nU^\ 



l.iANJFERREO FROM 
aOPYRIQHT OH IOC 

HN0VI9U 



PREFACE 

This little book is the outgrowth of class-room work 
and is to be used as a supplement to any standard work 
on American history. The notes cover the first three 
periods of our history, or to the time of Washington's 
administration. 

Experience and observation have shown that interest 
must be awakened in the early history of our country, 
or pupils will have a distaste for history in general; 
and that, if the early history of America, which is 
our real history, be understood and appreciated, no 
difficulty will arise in studying the later development 
of the country. 

A pupil who has rightly learned American history 
has laid a foundation for good reading and has acquired 
an interest in the history of other nations. 

It has seemed to me that most of our very excellent 
school histories are somewhat difficult for young stu- 
dents to comprehend. To meet this difficulty, I began, 
three or four years ago, to give notes to the class, 
showing them how to study, and how to treat, in a 
logical manner, the topic under cousideration. 

Having no thought of publishing the notes I made 
free use of any and all text-books at hand, so that, to 
some extent, the book is a compilation. 

Believing that no pupil should learn his lesson from 
the text-book alone, we provide for our students, as 

(3) 



4 NOTES ON EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY 

reference books, histories written by Montgomery, 
Fiske, Barnes, McMaster, Eggleston, Higginson, 
Gordy, Lossing, and others. 

Several of the teachers who have used these notes, 
and found them helpful, have urged that they be 
published. 

In the hope that they may interest and help a large 
number, the notes are offered to young students of 
American history. 

North Ton a wand a, N. Y., December 1, 1900. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Period I. — Exploration's - . - . 9 

The Mound Builders ----- 9 

The Northmen - 10 

The Indians -.--.. 10 

Old Routes between Europe and the East - 14 

Columbus - - - - - - 16 

Period IL— Colonies or Settlements - - 32 
The Thirteen Colonies 

Virginia - 32 

New York ------ 43 

New Jersey 50 

Massachusetts ------ 52 

New Hampshire ----- 60 

Connecticut - - - - - - 62 

Maryland - - 65 

Rhode Island - - - - - - 70 

Delaware ------- 72 

North Carolina 73 

South Carolina ----- 75 

Pennsylvania 77 

Georgia - - - - - - - - 80 

Intercolonial Wars ------ 84 

King William's - - - - - 84 

Queen Anne's ------ 85 

King George's - 86 

French and Indian - - - - - 87 
(5) 



6 NOTES ON EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY 

PAOK 

Period III. — The Revolutionary War - 100 

Lexington and Concord . . . - 105 

Bunker Hill 107 

Evacuation of New York - - - - 113 

Trenton - 115 

Princeton - - - - - - . - HH 

Burgoyne's Invasion - - - - - 118 

Battles of Saratoga _ . . . . 121 

Alliance with France ----- 123 

Sullivan's Expedition ----- 125 

Capture of Stony Point . - - - 126 

Xaval Exploits ------ 127 

Arnold's Treason ------ 129 

Eutaw Springs - - - - - - 133 

Surrender of Cornwallis - . - - 135 

Treaty of Peace ------ 136 

Condition of the Country . . - - 137 

Articles of Confederation _ - - - 138 

The Constitution ------ 141 

Provisions - - - _ . . 143 

Biographical Notes ----- 145 

Events connected with the Revolutionary 

War ------- 100 

Questions for Study 165 

Index - 195 



PORTRAITS 



PAGE 

Adams, John 110 

Alexander, Wm 112 

Amherst, Lord 93 

Andre, John 129, 130 

Andros, Sir Edmund 47 

A nne 85 

Arnold, Benedict 129 

Bradford, Gov. Wm 54 

Bradford, the printer 48 

Burgoyne, John 118 

Charles II 46 

Chatham. Earl of 93 

Clinton, Sir Henry 124 

Cornwallis, Marquis of 135 

Cromwell, Oliver 67 

Edwards, Jonathan 99 

P^staiuo;. Count of 123 

Frani<lin. Benj 96 

Gates, Horatio 119 

George II 87 

George III 136 

Greene, Nathaniel 132 

Hamilton, Alexander 142 

Herkimer, Nicholas 120 

Howe, Admiral Richard 112 

Howe, Gen. Wm 112 

James II 50 

Jay, John 137 

Jefferson, Thomas 108 

Johnson, Sir Wm 92 

Jones. John Paul 127 

Kosemiko, Thadeus 122 



PAGE 

Lafayette, Marquis of 117 

Lee, Charles. 114 

Livingston, Robert R Ill 

Locke, John 73 

Louis XIV 75 

Madison, James 141 

Marshall, John 142 

Mary II 68 

Monckton, Sir Robert 91 

Montcalm, Marquis of 93 

Montgomery, Richard 1.53 

Morgiin. Daniel 108 

Morris, Robert 115 

Penn, Wm 77 

Pitt, Wm 93 

Putnam, Israel Ill 



Rochanibeau, Count of. 



123 



St. Leger, liarry. 120 

Schuyler, Philip 119 

Stark, John 119 

Steuben, Baron 122 

Stirling, Lord 112 

Stuyvesant.Gov 45 

Sullivan, John 112 

Washington, George 106 

Wayne, Anthony 126 

William and Mary 68 

Wolfe, James 93 

York, Duke of 50 

Map 

Distribution of the Indians 13 

Referbiscb Tables 
Colonies 82,83 



i7) 



PE^RIOD I 



THE MOUND BUILDERS 

The Mound Builders were the people who built the 
mounds that have been found in the Mississippi and 
Ohio valleys and other parts of North America. 

Origin. — We do not know the origin of the Mound 
Builders. The Indians have no traditions in regard 
to them. The latest and best authorities, however, 
believe that they were the ancestors of the American 
Indians, and not a distinct people. 

The mounds are of various shapes. Some are 
circular, some square, and others are in the form of 
birds or animals. The mounds are of great extent, 
sometimes covering several acres. There are large 
numbers of these mounds in the United States. More 
than two thousand have been opened and ransacked. 
We infer that some of the mounds were used as habita- 
tions, because tools for spinning and weaving, water- 
jugs, and articles made from coarse cloth have been 
found in them. Skeletons have been found in others, 
showing that they were burial places or monuments 
for the dead. Some appear to have formed sacred 
enclosures for religious purposes, and others, built 
upon high hills, were evidently beacons or signal 
places. By far the largest number were fortifications 

(9) 



10 THE MOUNT BUILDERS 

for defence. Large forest trees, growing upon them, 
prove that they are very old. 

The Northmen 

The Northmen were people from Norway, Sweden, 
and Denmark who are said to have discovered America 
many years before Columbus came to the New World. 
It is claimed that Biorne Herjulfsen, on his way to 
Greenland, was driven out of his course by a storm 
and that he then saw the cliffs of Labrador, though 
he did not land. It is claimed that Leif Ericsson, 
determining to test the truth of Biorne's report, 
explored the coast of Massachusetts Bay and Khode 
Island in 1001. He found a pleasant climate and such 
quantities of grapes that he named the country Vin- 
land. We do not know the exact part of the country 
to which this name was given. 

The Northmen, without doubt, made visits to the 
coast of New England during the 12th, 13th, and l-lth 
centuries. In 1350, a plague depopulated Greenland 
and no more voyages were made to A^inland. 

Results. — The voyages of the Northmen had no 
permanent results and no direct effect upon the sub- 
sequent history of America. 

Proofs. — The proofs of these discoveries are found 
in the traditions of the Northmen, and in the chroni- 
cles, or annals, of Iceland. The records give accurate 
descriptions of the plants and animals of southern 
New England and mention fish still found in the 
waters of that vicinity. 

The Indians 

Origin. — The Indians have inhabited this country 



THE INDIANS 11 

for thousands of years; no one knows how long. We 
do not know w^hence they came, but it is probable that 
they crossed Behring's Sea from Asia or were driven 
by sea upon the coasts of America. 

Name. — Columbus called the people of the new 
lands, Indians, because he supposed that the land he 
had reached was an outlying portion of India. 

Number. — It is estimated that about 200,000 
Indians were living east of the Mississippi river when- 
the early discoverers came to America. 

General appearance.— The Indians were generally 
tall, had red skins, high cheek bones, black hair and 
eyes, and little or no beard. 

Other characteristics. — The Indians had a grave 
and haughty bearing, were brave in war, and had great 
power of endurance. They were an ingenious people, 
very hospitable, but cruel and revengeful, cunning and 
treacherous. 

Manner of living. — The Indians lived in huts or 
wigwams and were nomadic (wandering about). The 
men spent their time in war, in hunting, and in fishing. 
The women did the work, planted the corn, cooked 
the food, made clothing out of skins, and, on their 
journeys, carried the burdens. Indians regarded 
women as inferior beings. 

Government. — Each tribe of Indians was ruled by 
a chief. Important matters were settled by councils. 

Religion. — The Indians believed in the Great Spirit 
and in many inferior spirits, some good and some evil. 
They believed in a future life which they expected to 
pass in "Happy Hunting Grounds". Some wor- 



12 THE INDIANS 

shipped their dead ancestors; others worshipped the 
sun, moon, stars, fire, or water. 

Weapons. — Indian weapons were bows and arrows, 
hatchets of stone, and scalping-knives of bone. After 
the Europeans came to America, the Indians procured 
knives and hatchets of iron. 

Money. — Indian money was wampum, or strings of 
shells. (After the Europeans came, they sometimes 
used strings of beads instead of shells.) 

They had no domestic animals except the dog. 
Principal Divisions 

I. The Algonquins occupying the eastern part of 
the country, included the Wampanoags, Pequods, Xar- 
ragansetts, Powhatan Confederacy, and other tribes. 

II. The Wyandots, located near lakes Erie and 
Ontario, included the Eries, Hurons, and Iroquois. 
The Iroquois, called the " Five Nations of New York ", 
included the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, 
and Mohawks. Later, the Tuscaroras came from the 
South (what is now called North Carolina) and joined 
them. Thereafter they were called the "Six Nations 
of New York". 

III. The Mobilians occupied the Southern part of 
what is now the United States. The Creeks and Sem- 
inoles were Mobilians. 

IV. The Cherokees occupied the section between 
the Algonquins and Mobilians. 

y. The Dakotahs, or Sioux, lived west of the 
Mississippi. 




DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDIANS. From Prentices's History of New York 



14 invention of printing 

The Revival of Learning in the 15th Century 

Marco Polo, the great traveller of the thirteenth 
century, made an overland journey to Central and 
Eastern Asia where he spent about thirty years. Upon 
his return to Europe, he wrote books in which he de- 
scribed the countries that he had visited and told mar- 
vellous tales of the power and wealth of the Great 
Khan of Tartary, in whose service he had passed 
seventeen years. 

The invention of printing enabled many people to 
own books, and to read the works of Marco Polo and 
other travellers who had written about the countries 
of Asia. An increased desire for knowledge began 
to be felt by the nations of Europe. 

Early in the fifteenth century, the compass, the 
astrolabe, gunpowder, and other important inventions 
came into practical use, each in its own way helping 
on the progress of learning. 

Old Routes between Europe and the East 

Genoa and Venice were the great commercial cities 
of Europe for many years before the time of Colum- 
bus. Each city had its own route to the East. Genoa 
sent ships to Constantinople and ports on the Black 
Sea, receiving at those points goods which had been 
brought by caravan from the East. Venice used the 
southern route, sending ships to Alexandria which 
received there goods sent by way of the Red Sea and 
the Isthmus of Suez. 

The Turks captured Constantinople in 1453. This 
seriously interfered with the great trade of Genoa. As 



REVIVAL OF LEARNING 15 

the power of the Turks increased, the people of Venice 
also began to fear for their trade with the East. 

About this time the Portuguese became very active 
in maritime affairs, sending several expeditions down 
the western coast of Africa. Diaz, in 1487, sailed 
around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean. 
Vasco da Gama, in 1497-8, reached India by way of the 
Cape of Good Hope. This new route made a long 
voyage of twelve thousand miles between European 
markets and the East. 

To find a shorter and cheaper route to India now 
became the great problem of maritime nations. 



COLUMBUS 

Parentai^e. — Columbus was born in Genoa about 
1435. His father was a poor wool-comber. Colum- 
bus was the eldest of four children. 

Education. — For one of his birth and station at 
that time, he had good opportunities. He was sent to 
the University of Pavia. He learned Latin, wrote a 
good hand, and could draw maps. He studied mathe- 
matics, geography, and astronomy. AYhen fourteen 
years old he went to sea. 

Voyages before 1492. — Before he made his great 
voyage of discovery, Columbus had sailed a great 
deal on the Mediterranean Sea, had gone some distance 
down the coast of Africa, visiting Guinea and the 
Azores, and had visited England and Iceland. He w^as 
a very skilful navigator. 

Marriage. — Columbus married the daughter of a 
renowned Portuguese navigator, governor of one of 
the Madeira Islands. From his father-in-law, he 
obtained valuable maps and charts. 

Courts visited. — Columbus was too poor to fit out 
his own expedition. He first tried to get help at 
Genoa, his own city. Failing to interest his own 
countrymen, he went to King John of Portugal. The 
court ridiculed his ideas, but the king was wise enough 
to understand the plan of Columbus and secretly sent 
out an expedition, dishonestly using the charts of 
Columbus. This expedition was a failure. When 
Columbus learned how he had been cheated by King 

(16) 



FIRST VOYAGE 17 

John, he went to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and 
queen of Spain. Spain was then at war with the 
Moors, and Columbus waited seven years, trying to 
get ships and sailors to carry out his plans. At last, 
as he was about to turn to France, assistance was given 
him by Spain. 

Motives. — He wished to prove his theories, he 
wished to find a better route to India, and he wished 
to engage in trade with the East. Being a devout 
Catholic, he desired to act as a missionary. If suc- 
cessful, he was promised power, wealth, and office. 

Beliefs. — Columbus believed the earth to be round 
— not flat, as many then supposed it to be. He be- 
lieved that by sailing westward he would reach Asia. 
He believed the earth to be much smaller than it 
really is. He did not know the existence of another 
continent, but thought that he could reach Asia by 
sailing westward for two or three thousand miles. 

First voyage. — He had three ships, Pinta, Nina, 
and Santa Maria, with a hundred and twenty men. 
On Friday, August 3, 1492, he sailed from Palos, 
Spain. He stopped at the Canaries to repair one of 
the vessels, and then sailed westward. At first all 
went well. Then the variation of the compass was 
noticed. Not even Columbus understood this phe- 
nomenon. When they came into the track of the 
trade winds the men were still more alarmed. Many 
times Columbus was urged to turn back, and the 
crew were almost mutinous. On October 7, a flock of 
birds was seen flying southwest and the vessels changed 
their course, following the birds. At last, on Friday, 
October 12, they saw land. They had reached San 



18 COLUMBUS 

Salvador (Holy Redeemer), one of the Bahama Islands. 
Columbus landed and took possession in the name of 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 

Subsequent voyages. — His second voyage was to 
Hayti and other West India Islands in 1493; his third 
was to the mainland of South America, near the 
mouth of the Orinoco, in 1198; and his fourth was to 
Central America and the Isthmus of Darien in 1502. 

Last years. — The Spanish, disappointed because 
Columbus had not found gold and spices, made a 
great outcry against him. His health failed, and, 
broken-hearted, he died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506, 
in neglect and poverty. 

Misfortunes. — In youth, his poverty was a great 
drawback, and his old age was spent in obscurity. 
He was not a wise governor in the new lands. In 1502, 
he was sent home in chains, but was at once set free 
by the king. His last voyage was unfortunate, and 
he received but little attention after it. 

Characteristics. — He was a great thinker and very 
religious. He was resolute and brave, for he dared to 
cross an unknown sea. He was persevering and ener- 
getic in holding to his beliefs and in his efforts to get 
assistance. 

Results of his work. — He proved his theories to 
be correct, discovered a new world, led other nations 
to send out expeditions, and awakened the people of 
Europe to new thought and interest in navigation, 
astronomy, and education. 

Naming of America. — x\merigo Vespucci, an Ital- 
ian, visited this country after Columbus and wrote 
accounts of his travels. Waldsee Miiller, a German 



OTHER SPANISH EXPLORERS 19 

professor who read these accounts, suggested that the 
new country be called America in honor of Amerigo 
Vespucci. 

Other Spanish Explorers 

Ponce de Leon was an old man and in disgrace. 
He had heard of a fountain of youth and set out from 
Porto Rico to find it. On Easter Sunday, in 1512, he 
landed on the eastern coast of Florida, so named by 
him because it was covered with flowers and because 
he had discovered it on Easter Sunday (in Spanish, 
Pascua Florida). He found neither gold nor the foun- 
tain. Some years afterward, he tried to colonize Florida 
but did not succeed. 

Balboa from a mountain on the Isthmus of Panama 
discovered the Pacific Ocean, in 1513. 

Magellan sailed through the Strait of Magellan and 
across the Pacific, thus making the first circumnaviga- 
tion of the globe (1520-22). He started from Spain 
with five ships. After crossing the Atlantic, he lost 
one ship, and, when he entered the Strait another ship 
turned back. At the Philippine Islands, Magellan 
was killed by savages. Only one of his ships, with 18 
men, succeeded in getting around the world. Magellan 
was a Portuguese in the service of Spain. 

Cortez conquered Mexico. 

De Soto with nearly a thousand men landed at 
Tampa B^y in 1539, and set out to explore the country. 
He travelled through what is now Georgia, Alabama, 
and Mississippi. He reached the Mississippi river in 
1541. The next year, he died and was buried by 
night in the river which he had discovered. Half his 
men perished. The remainder returned to the Spanish 
settlements in Mexico. 



20 



PORTUGUESE AND FRENCH EXPLORERS 



Coronado explored New Mexico and Arizona in 
1540. He discovered the canon of the Colorado. 

Cabrillo was the first man to sail along the Pacific 
coast (1542). 

Meiiendez founded St. iVngustine, the oldest town 
in the United States, in 15G5. He then went to the 
Huguenot fort on the St. John's river in Florida and 
massacred all the men but «aved the women and 
children. 

Espejo founded Santa Fe in 1582. This is the 
second oldest town in the United States. 

Portuguese Explorers 
As early as 1487, Diaz had sailed around the Cape of 
Good Hope and a short distance into the Ibdian Ocean. 
In 1407, Yasco da Gama reached India by way of the 
Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. In 1500, 
Cabral discovered Brazil. 

French Explorers 

Verrazano, an Italian in the service of France, is 
said to have explored the 
Atlantic coast of America 
from Newfoundland to Caro- 
lina in 1524. He named it 
New France. 

Cartier, in 1535, discov- 

\ ' - - i^,"m ^^^^ ^^® ^^' Lawrence river 

X'^S^'^^^tSaam^^ ^^^^ sailed up as far as the 

Indian village of Hochelaga, 

which he named Montreal. 

Cham plain explored the 




(ilOVINM DA \KUI{A/.AN( 



N80 lr>27 




THE HUGUENOTS 21 

St. Lawrence river early in the 17th century. In 

,_ 1605, with De Monts, he 

founded Port Eoyal, Nova 

Scotia, w^hich was afterwards 

destroyed by the English. 

In 1608, he founded Quebec, 

the oldest permanent French 

,/ settlement in Canada. He 

was governor of Canada till 

his death in 1635. He joined 

a war party of Hurons 

SA,urEi,BECHAMPLAiN,i567^i635 against the Iroquois, or Five 

Nations of New York, and ever afterwards the Iro- 
quois hated the French. While on this march in 
1609 he discovered Lake Champlain and went inland 
as far as Lakes Ontario and Huron. 

The Huguen^ots, or French Protestan^ts 

Coligny, an admiral in the French navy, was the 
leader and patron of the Huguenots in France. He 
formed a plan to make Huguenot settlements in 
America. He sent out two expeditions. 

First expedition, — In 1562, John Ribaut brought 
the first Huguenot expedition to America. They 
landed at Port Royal, South Carolina, where he left 
thirty colonists. Soon food became scarce, they grew 
homesick, built a ship, and started to return to France. 
They were shipwrecked, rescued by an English vessel, 
and carried captive to England. England and France 
were then at war. Many years afterward, when South 
Carolina had been settled as an English colony, thous- 
ands of Huguenots, persecuted in France, emigrated 



22 THE HUGUENOTS 

to the same place. Their descendants have been 
among the most honorable of American citizens. 

Second expedition. — Coligny's second expedition, 
under the command of Landonniere in 1564, landed 
in Florida on the St. John s river and built a fort 
called Carolina. The colonists suffered for food but 
Ribaut brought re-inforcements, and they then seemed 
well established. But the fort was on land claimed by 
the Spanish. The King of Spain sent Menendez to 
drive off the Huguenots. He founded St. Augustine, 
twenty miles further south, and then marched to the 
St. John's river, surprised the French, and massacred 
the Huguenots who had made a settlement there. 

De Gourgnes. — The king of France took no notice 
of the massacre of the Huguenots, but De Gourgues, 
a French Catholic, vowed vengence for the death of 
his countrymen. He fitted out an expedition at his 
own expense and sailed for Florida. He surprised the 
Spanish garrison which Menendez had left in the 
French fort, took them prisoners, and hung them, 
" not as Spaniards, but as assassins," and then returned 

to France. 

The French in the West 

The Jesuit missionaries. — The first explorers of 
*' the West" were missionaries belonging to the order 
of Jesuits in the Roman Catholic church. They ex- 
plored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and Ohio 
valleys. Throughout these sections, many places are 
still called by names given them, by these Jesuit mis- 
sionaries. They wished to convert the Indians to the 
Catholic faith. They showed most wonderful energy 
and perseverance and endured the greatest hardships. 



ENGLISH EXPLOREKS 23 

Marquette explored in 1673 the northern part of 
the Mississippi Valley and sailed down the Mississippi 
river as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. 

Joliet was a famous French explorer and fur-trader 
who accompanied Father Marquette. 

La Salle^ six years later, continued the exploration 
of the Mississippi and succeeded in reaching the Gulf 
of Mexico. He named the country Louisiana in honor 
of Louis XIV of France. 

. Hennepin was a Catholic missionary in La Salle's 
expedition. He explored the upper Mississippi and 
discovered the falls of St. Anthony. 

English Explorers 
John Cabot^ an Italian, was living in Bristol, Eng- 
land, when Columbus made his first voyage to America. 
He got permission from King Henry VII. to sail at the 
expense of some English merchants, and in 1497 
started with one ship and eighteen men. He thought 
that if the earth were round he could make a shorter 
journey to India by sailing northwest instead of west, 
as Columbus had done. On this voyage, he discovered 

the mainland of North 
America at Labrador. The 
next year he explored the 
coast of America from Lab- 
rador to Carolina. It is 
probable that his son, Sebas- 
tian, accompanied him on 
both voyages. As the Cabots 
did not find the riches of 
Asia, the English seemed to 

Sebastian Cabot, 1477-1557 ]q^q ^hcir interest in Westcm 




24 ENGLISH EXPLORERS 

voyages, for they sent no more explorers to America 
during the next seventy years. 

On account of the discoveries of the Cabots, the 
English afterwards claimed the eastern coast of Amer- 
ica and land lying westward indefinitely. 

Frobisher made the first attempt to get to Asia by 
going north of America, following Cabot's idea. He 
sailed as far north as Batiin's Bay in 1570 and claimed 
it for England. 

Sir Francis Drake was a great sailor. He sailed 
through the Strait of Magel- 
lan and explored the Pacific 
coast as far as the southern 
part of Oregon. He landed 
at several places, refitted 
his ships near what is now 
San Francisco, took posses- 
sion of the whole coast for 
England, and named it New 
Albion. (England is some- 
siR francih Drake, 1540 ?-io96 timcs Called Albiou.) He 
then crossed the Pacific, returning home by way of 
the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the second voy- 
age around the world (1579). 

Sir Hiiiiiphrey Gilbert thought that the English 
should make colonies in America instead of sending 
expeditions after gold and spices. He planned to found 
a colony in Xewfoundland. He was lost at sea. 





SIR WALTER RALEIGH 25 

Sir Walter Raleigh shared the opinion of his 
half-brother, Gilbert. He 
planned to found an English 
\ colonial empire in the New 
World and obtained a charter 
^,.^. .1, from Queen Elizabeth giving 
^ "t'^ ^ him the right to explore and 
'i% settle the eastern coast of 
America. He was to be 
governor with full power to 
Queen EZTrM-.^n' ix^-nm ^lake laws for the colony. 
Reigned, ioo8-ibo3 Raleigh's first expcdl- 

tioii. — In 1584, Raleigh sent two ships across the At- 
lantic on an exploring expedition. They landed on 
Eoanoke Island where they spent some time. Upon 
their return to England, they carried back so good a 
report that the Queen named the land Virginia and 
made Raleigh a knight. 

Raleigh's second expedition. — In the summer of 
1585, Raleigh sent out a hundred and eight emigrants, 
all men, under Ralph Lane, as deputy governor. They 
established themselves on Roanoke Island. The men 
were not well chosen and would not work. Instead of 
building homes and cultivating the soil, they spent 
their time hunting for gold. They also had trouble 
with the Indians. In less than a year they returned 
with Drake, who happened along on one of his explor- 
ing expeditions. They carried back with them the 
potato and tobacco, hitherto unknown in England. 

Raleigh's third expedition. — In 1587, Raleigh 
sent out another colonizing expedition composed of 
men with wives and families. John White was deputy 



26 



ENGLISH EXPLORERS 



governor. His grand-daughter, Virgnia Dare, was the 
first child born in this country of European parents. 
White went back to England for supplies but was 
detained there three years. (England and Spain were 
then at war.) When he returned to America, none of 
the colonists could be found, though repeated search 
was made. Raleigh spent two hundred thousand dol- 
lars on these colonies but failed to establish a perma- 
nent settlement; he therefore transferred his rights to 
other men. 

Oosnold. — The early explorers followed the route 
of Columbus, but Gosnold, in 1002, made a voyage 
directly across the Atlantic, shortening the route by a 
thousand miles. He discovered and named Cape Cod 
and some of the neighboring islands. He made trad- 
ing voyages, carrying home sassafras root and furs. 
Raleigh accused him of trespassing on his land and 
seized his cargo. 

Pring crossed the Atlantic in 1603 and discovered 
several rivers and harbors in Maine. 

Ill 160(> Raleigh transferred his American rights to 
a number of merchants and 
capitalists, who received a 
charter from King James I., 
in 1606, and formed two 
companies for the purpose 
of colonizing America. One 
was located in London and 
was called the London Com- 
pany. The other was located 
in Plymouth and was called 
the Plymouth Company. 




James L, 1566-1625 
Rekineu, 1603-1625 



DUTCH EXPLORERS 27 

The king divided the territory of Virginia and gave 
it to these companies. South Virginia, lying between 
the 34th and 38th parallels of latitude, was given to 
the London Company. North Virginia, lying between 
the 41st and 45th degrees of latitude, was given to the 
Plymouth Company. The intervening territory was 
open to settlement by either company provided that 
neither settled within a hundred miles of the other. 
This intervening territory embraced what is now Mary- 
land, Delaware, New Jersey, and a small portion of 
New York. 

Dutch Explorations 
Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the ser- 
vice of the Dutch, entered 
the harbor of New York in 
1609. Hoping to reach the 
Pacific Ocean, he sailed up 
the Hudson as far as Albany. 
On this discovery, the Dutch 
based their claim to the land 
between the Delaware river 
and Cape Cod. They named 

Henry Hudson, 1550-1611 it NcW Netherlands. 

Claims of the Four Nations 

I. Spain claimed the West Indies, Florida, Mexico 
and New Mexico, as well as South America, basing 
her claim upon the discoveries of Columbus and his 
Spanish successors. 

II. England claimed the Atlantic coast, and land to 
the westward indefinitely, basing her claim upon the 
discoveries of the Cabots. 




28 EARLIEST PEKMANENT SETTLEMENTS 

III. France chiimed Acadia, Canada, the Mississippi 
valley (New France), and the basin of the Great 
Lakes, basing her claim upon the discoveries and 
explorations of Cartier, Champlain, La Salle and 
others. 

IV. The Dutch claimed New Netherlands, and the 
Atlantic coast from the Connecticut river to the Dela- 
ware, basing their claim upon the discoveries of Henry 
Hudson. 

Earliest Permanent Settlements 
St. Augustine, settled by the Spanish in 1565. 
Santa Fe, settled by the Spanish in 1582. 
Port Royal, Nova Scotia, settled by the French in 
1605. 

Jamestown, settled by the English in 1607. 
Quebec, settled by the French in 1608. 
New York, settled by the Dutch in 1614. 



SPANISH EXPLORERS 



29 



Spanish Explorers 



Who? 


When ? 


Columbus 


1492 




1493 




1498 




1503 


Ponce de Leon 


1512 


Balboa 


1513 


Cortez 


1521 


Magellan 


1520-22 


Plzarro 
Coronado 


1531-3« 
1540 


DeSoto 


1539-42 


Cabrillo 


1542 


Menendez 


1565 


Espejo 


1582 



Where \ 



San Salvador, the 
Bahama, Cuba, 
Hayti. 

Porto Rico, and 
other West In 
dia Islands. 

Mainland of South 
America, Orino- 
co river. 

Central America 
and Isthmus of 
Darien 

Florida. 



Pacific Ocean. 



(Conquered) Mex- 
ico 

St of Magellan. 
Sailed around 
the world 

(Conquered) Peru 

New Mexico and 
Arizona. 

Gulf States and 
Mississippi river 

Sailed along the 
Pacific coast 

St Augustine. 



Santa Fe 



Why'i 



Seeking a shorter, 
cheaper, better, route 
to India. 



Seeking the fountain 
of youth and the con- 
quest of the country. 

Searching for a new 
sea that he had heard 
about 

Seeking wealth and 
power 

Seeking a route to Asia 
through America. 

For wealth and power. 
For conquest and gold. 

Hunting for gold, and 

adventure 
Exploration. 

To destroy Huguenot 

settlement. 
Spanish missions. 



Most of the Spanish explorations were made within 
about fifty years after Columbus had discovered Amer- 
ica. Yet in all that time no Spanish settlements were 
made within the boundaries of what is now the United 
States. The great desire of the Spanish was for con- 
quest, adventure, and wealth without work. Spanish 
colonization in North America was a total failure. In 



:50 



DUTCH, PUKTIJGUESE, FRENCUl EXI'LOHEKS 



a hundred years they had established only two settle- 
ments, St. Augustine and Santa Ft', and a few missions 
in Arizona and New Mexico. 

Dutch P]xplorer8 



Who? 


When? 


Where? 


Why? 


Henry Hudson 
Adraln Block 


1609 
1614 


Hudson river 
Connecticut river. 


To find a short route to 

Asia. 



Whol 



Dias 
Da Gama 

Cabral 



Portuguese Explorers 



When? 



1496 
1497-8 

1500 



Where? 



Rounded Cape of Good Hope. 

Went to India by way of Cape of Good 

Hope. 
Discovered Brazil. 



French Explorers 



Who? 


When? 


Verrazano 
Cartier 


1524 
15B5 


Ribaut 


1562 


Laudonniere 


1564 


De Monts 


1605 


Champlain 
Marquette 
Joliet 


1608 
1673 
1673 


Hennepin 


1680 


La Salle 


1682 



Where? 



Atlantic coast. 
St. Lawrence riv'r. 



Port Royal, South 

Carolina 
St. John's river, 

Florida 
Acadia, Port 

Royal, N. S. 
Quebec. 

Upper Mississippi. 
(With Marquette). 

Upper Mississippi, 
Falls of St. An- 
thony 

Lower Mississippi 
to Gulf of Mex- 



Why? 

Exploration. 

To make French col- 
ony, to establish 
Catholic religion in 
America 

For Huguenot settle- 
ment 

For Huguenot colony. 

Settlement. 

Settlement. 
Jesuit missionary. 
(Jesuit) trader and ex- 
plorer. 
Jesuit missionary. 



Exploration and trade. 



ENGLISH EXPLORERS 



31 



English Explorers 



Who? 




When? 


John and Se- 
bastian Cabot 


1497-8 


Frobisher 




1576 


Drake 




1579 


Gilbert 
Raleigh 

Davis 




1583 

1584 

1585 

1587 
1585 


Gosnold 
Pring 




1602 
1603 



Where f 



Newfoundland & 
Labrador to 
Cape Hatteras. 

Seas and straits 
no of America. 

Pacific coast to 
Oregon, then 
back to England 
by the Pacific; 
second circum- 
navigation o f 
the world 

Newfoundland 

Roanoke Island. 



North of North 

America. 
Cape Cod 
Coast from Maine 

to Rhode Island 



Why? 



To find a northwest 
passage to Asia 

To find a northwest 
passage to Asia 

Piratical expedition 
against Spanish set- 
tlements in South 
America. 



To establish a colony. 

One exploring and two 
colonizing expedi- 
tions 

To find a northwest 

passage 
Trading voyage. 
Exploration 



In 1497, Spain was the strongest naval power in 
Europe. She controlled the Netherlands. England 
was then a much weaker power. Hence the first Eng- 
lish explorers to America sought those parts not claimed 
by Spain. The chief motive of the English was to 
find a western passage to Asia, north of America. In 
15G7 (the last part of the 16th century), the Nether- 
lands revolted from Spain. England sided with the 
Netherlands. Thus Spain had to fight two nations. 

A long war followed, during which the English de- 
stroyed the Invincible Armada, as Spain called its 
navy. This happened in 1588. From that time, 
England began to be a great naval power. 



PERIOD II 



COLONIES OR SETTLEMENTS 
Virginia, 1607 

Virginia was settled by the English at Jamestown, 
in 1G07, under the London Company. 

Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 and was succeeded by 
James L He divided Virginia into two parts, North 
Virginia and South Virginia. The northern part, be- 
tween the 4l8t and 45th degrees of latitude, was given 
to the Plymouth Company. This company was not 
successful in making settlements. 

The London Company had the southern part, between 
the 34th and the 38th degrees of latitude. These 
two companies received their charters in 1606 and at- 
tempted to make settlements the next year. 

The object of the settlement of Virginia was 
financial profit. The people expected to find gold in 
America, and to return to England after getting a 
great fortune. 

The first charter of the London Company con- 
tained the followng provisions: 

1. The people could not elect any officer of the 
government. 

2. The king was to appoint a council in the colony 
to have charge of its local affairs (at first there were 
six councilors, later thirteen). This council chose its 

(32) 



THE FIRST CHARTER 33 

own president, but was controlled by the council in 
London. 

3. The king also appointed a council to reside in 
London and have general control of the affairs of the 
company. Both councils were subject to the will of 
the king. 

4. The church of England was the established 
religion. 

5. For the first five years no land should be given to 
any one, but every settler must bring the products of 
his labor to the company's warehouse, out of which 
he would receive whatever he needed for his living. 
No one was allowed to keep the fruits of his own toil. 

6. The king was to receive one-fifth of all the gold 
and silver that might be found in the colonies. 

7. The king guaranteed to the colonists and their 
descendants the same rights and privileges as if they 
had remained citizens in England. 

8. The colonists were carefully to explore all rivers 
near them to see whether they could not find a short 
and easy way to the South Sea (Pacific) and to the 
East Indies. 

By its first charter, Virginia extended one hundred 
miles inland and had a hundred miles of sea coast. 

Characteristics of the early Virginia settlers. 

— There were 105 persons in the colony, half of whom 
were gentlemen by birth (younger sons of noblemen). 
They were poor, but not accustomed to labor. 

The other half were tradesmen and mechanics, who 
on account of the hard times in England were out of 
employment. 



34 THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA 

All were eager to find gold and then return to Eng- 
land. Most of them were idle and improvident. They 
were all unwilling to work. There were no farmers 
and no women in the colony. 

They arrived in April, and delayed planting until it 
was too late for a crop that year. Soon food became 
scarce, the Indians were unfriendly, and the people 
became sick because of the unhealthful climate and 
improper food and water. One half of them died 
within four months. 

Government. — (1) Charter, (2) Royal Province. 
Colonial forms of Government 

A voluntary association was a form of govern- 
ment in which the colonists, without the authority of 
the king, niade and executed their own laws, as in the 
Pilgrim colony at Plymouth, Mass. 

A charter government was that in which the king 
granted a charter directly to the colonists, and under 
its restrictions they governed themselves. 

A proprietary government was that in which the 
colony was controlled by one or more persona to whom 
the territory had been sold or granted by the king. 

A royal province was that form of government in 
which the colony was controlled by a governor ap- 
pointed by the king and called a royal governor. 



The second Virginia charter.— In 1G09, Virginia 
received its second charter. Under the terms of this 
charter the council in Virginia was given up and the 
king appointed a governor in its place. The first 
governor was Lord Delaware, who, by the terms of the 



A ROYAL PROVINCE 35 

charter, had entire control of the colony. The coun- 
cil in London remained as before. The second charter 
extended the limits of Virginia westward to the Pacific 
Ocean and 400 miles along the coast. 

By the third charter, given in 1612, the governor 
continued to administer the local affairs of the colony 
and the council in London was given up, the stock- 
holders being given power to regulate the affairs of 
the colony. 

Yirginia a royal province. — In 1624, James I. be- 
came Jealous of the company and took away its charter. 
From that time until 169e3, Virginia was a royal prov- 
ince, the king himself appointing the governor and 
council. 

Religion. — The Church of England, Protestant 
Episcopal, was the established religion in Virginia. 

Growth. — The growth of this colony was slow. 
Many came to Virginia, but their number was con- 
stantly diminished by disease and lack of food. 

Early troubles. — Most of the settlers were not 
accustomed to work. They were idle and improvident, 
unfit in every way to colonize a new country. The 
climate was trying, the river water, which they drank, 
was unhealthf ul ; and they were without proper food 
and shelter. Half the original number died within 
four months. The Indians were so troublesome that 
the colonists had to be always on their guard. They 
"lived in common": tried having a common fund, 
from which each man drew what he needed. This 
made trouble, for the lazy fared as well as the industri- 



36 THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA 

ous. Only through the efforts of John Smith was the 
colony kept together. 

The starvina; time. — The starving time occurred 
in Virginia in the winter of 1609-10. Smith, who 
had been the life of the colony, had been injured by an 
explosion of gunpowder, and was obliged to return to 
England for surgical treatment. After his influence 
was removed the people became idle and disorderly. 
Many died of sickness caused by lack of food. In six 
months the colony was reduced from 490 to 60. The 
survivors were about to return to England when Lord 
Delaware came as governor bringing supplies and more 
emigrants. 

The year 1619 as remarkable for three things: (1) 
the introduction of negro slavery into America, (2) 
the bringing of women to the colony to become wives of 
the settlers, (3) the meeting of the first legislative 
assembly in America. 

Introduction of slavery. — Slavery was introduced 
into America by the Dutch in 1619, at Jamestown, Va. 
Twenty negroes were sold to the settlers to work on 
the tobacco plantations. 

Coining of women. — In 1619, women were brought 
over to Virginia as wives for the planters. Each man 
had to gain the consent of the woman and pay 150 
pounds of tobacco for her passage to Virginia. This 
was the beginning of home life in the colony and the 
people really became settlers. 

The first legislative assembly. — By the summer 
of 1619 there were about 4,000 white settlers in Vir- 
ginia. They had a local government, consisting of a 



FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 37 

governor and council, but were not satisfied. These 
4,000 settlers were living in 11 district boroughs or 
settlements (plantations). From each borough were 
sent to the meeting two representatives, or burgesses. 
These constituted the House of Burgesses. The legis- 
lative assembly consisted of Governor Yeardley and his 
council, both of whom were appointed by the London 
Company, and the House of Burgesses. This Vir- 
ginia assembly met on July 30, 1619, in the little 
church at Jamestown. It was the first legislative body 
that ever met in America. 

Though the laws passed by the assembly had to be 
ratified by the company in England, Virginia thus 
gained some civil freedom in the early times. 

Prosperity in tlie Virginia colony. — While Lord 
Delaware was governor, the colony began to prosper 
on account of his good management. When Gover- 
nor Dale came into power (1611) each man was given 
a plot of ground to cultivate for himself and the 
famine troubles never came back to Virginia. People 
began to cultivate tobacco and found it very profitable. 
At one time, it was planted even in the streets of 
Jamestown. When women came to the colony, homes 
were built, people stopped hunting for gold, and the 
success of the colony was secured. The cultivation 
of tobacco was begun in 1612 by John Rolfe. In 
1616, the settlers were giving nearly all their time to its 
cultivation. 

Indian troubles in Virginia, 1622 and 1644. — 
After the death of Powhatan, the Indians formed a 
plan to destroy the English colony (1625i). They 
worked secretly and pretended to be friendly with the 



38 THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA 

white people. On March 22, 1022, while the men 
were working in the fields the Indians attacked the 
settlements, killing more than three hundred in one 
day. Jamestown and other settlements were saved by 
the warning of a friendly Indian. The settlers gath- 
ered together and made war upon the Indians, punish- 
ing them so severely that they remained quiet for 
twenty years. In 1644, the Indians again became 
hostile and killed five hundred or more of the white 
people. The trouble lasted about two years, when the 
settlers succeeded in driving the Indians out of the 
colony. 

The navigation acts were laws passed by the Brit- 
ish Parliament at various times (1031, IGol, 1660, 1663) 
which declared that all the commerce of the colonies 
should be carried on in ships owned and mannea by 
Englishmen; that tobacco, and other products ex- 
ported from the colonies, must be sent to England for 
sale; and that the imports of the colonies should be 
purchased in England. This was to make a market 
for English goods, to increase the commerce of Eng- 
land, and to give the English an opportunity to get 
rich at the expense of the colonies. The result was 
bitter feeling on the part of the colonists toward 
England. 

The original purpose of the navigation acts was to 
prevent the Dutch from competing with England in 
commerce. 

Bacon's rebellion occurred in Virginia in 1676. 
In that year, (which was also the year of King Philip's 
war in New England) the Indians suddenly made an 



bacon's rebellion 39 

uprising in Virginia, burning settlements and killing 
the white people. The colonists begged for help from 
the governor, who would do nothing for them. He 
had been a tyrannical governor and he knew that the 
people hated him. For that reason, he hesitated to 
give them arms lest they turn against him. Nathaniel 
Bacon, a rich planter, raised a company and defeated 
the Indians several tmes. Berkeley called Bacon and 
his followers rebels and marched against them, but 
was obliged to retreat. Bacon drove Berkeley out of 
Jamestown and burned the town. In the midst of his 
success. Bacon died and there was no one to take his 
place. Berkeley regained power and cruelly punished 
Bacon's followers. No immediate benefit to the colony 
followed Bacon's rebellion. 

Reforms in Tirs^inia. — For five years after its 
settlement the Virginia colony was far from prosper- 
ous. In 1611 Governor Dale gave each settler three 
acres of land to cultivate for himself. For the sup- 
port of the colony, each man, at harvest time, con- 
tributed 2^ barrels of corn. 

After 1612, the cultivation of tobacco became the 
chief business of the people. This product was readily 
sold in England, and brought wealth and comfort to 
the planters. Large numbers of emigrants of the 
better class came to Virginia to engage in the profitable 
business of raising tobacco. 

The establishment of the Virginia assembly, in 1619, 
gave the people a voice in making their own laws. 
Two years later, the colony was allowed a written con- 
stitution confirming their right to a legislative assembly. 

From the time of Bacon's rebellion, there was a 



40 THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA 

growing spirit of independence, culminating, a hun- 
dred years later, in the Declaration of the Continental 
Congress in Philadelphia. 

Jefferson, a Virginian, wrote the Declaration of In- 
dependence. 

The college of William and Mary was founded 
at Williamsburg in 1693. It is the second oldest col- 
lege in America. 

John Smith, according to his own story, had many 
adventures before coming to America. He had been 
captured by Barbary pirates, left for dead on a battle- 
field in Hungry, had been sold into slavery, and had 
escaped. 

In the Virginia colony, Smith seemed to be the most 
important and influential man. He was a member of 
the council and afterwards its president. He taught 
the unskilful men to build houses and cultivate the 
soil. He kept the colony together for two years until 
more emigrants arrived. He was called " The Father 
of Virginia". In 1614, he explored a part of the 
Atlantic coast and made a map of the country which 
he named New England. 

Captain Christopher Newport had charge of the 
vessels which brought the colony to Virginia in 1607. 
For the return voyage, he loaded his ships with " fooFs 
gold" (mica). 

Lord Delaware. — After the "Starving Time" in 
160!)- 10, the remainder of the settlers decided to re- 
turn to Etigland. Before they had gotten out of the 
James river, they met Lord Delaware coming with 
supplies and emigrants in three ships. He had been 



BIOGRAPHICAL KOTES 41 

appointed governor, a position he held for only two 
years, on account of poor health. 

Ooveriior Dale succeeded Lord Delaware and by 
strict and vigorous measures greatly improved the 
affairs of the colony. He gave each man a piece of 
land which he was to cultivate for his own use, thus 
abolishing the system of living in common. 

Sir William Berkeley was appointed royal gover- 
nor of Virginia, in 1642, by Charles I. Later Crom- 
well allowed the House of Burgesses to elect their own 
governor. When Charles II. came to the throne of 
England he re-appointed Berkeley. He was tyrannical 
and kept the power in his own hands by adjourning the 
legislature from year to year, thus preventing general 
elections by the people. The " Perpetual legislature " 
lasted thirteen years. 

Nathaniel Bacon_, a young planter, was a man of 
wealth and influence. He was a member of the Vir- 
ginia council. In 1676 he raised a rebellion against 
Governor Berkeley. 

Powhatan^ an Indian chief in Virginia, one of the 
Algonquins, was friendly to the whites. 

Pocahontas was an Indian princess, daughter of 
Powhatan. She was baptized in the church at James- 
town and married John Rolfe, an enterprising planter. 
They visited England and were received at Court. She 
was called Lady Rebecca. She died on her way back 
to America, leaving an infant son from whom are de- 
scended many leading aristocratic families in Virginia. 



42 the colony of virginia 

The Navigation Acts 

1631. — (Charles I.) Tobacco must be shipped to 
Enghiiid only. 

1651. — (Commonwealth.) All commerce between 
England and her colonies, and between England or 
her colonies and other parts of the world, must be 
carried on in ships owned and manned by Englishmen, 
except that other nations might bring their products 
in their own ships. 

1660. — (Charles II.) Colonial exports must be sent 
to England. 

1668. — (Charles II.) Colonial imports must come 
from England. 

Results : (1) A war with Holland which decided the 
naval supremacy of England; (2) the hostility of 
the American colonies to England; (3) the enrichment 
of England by the colonial trade. 



NEW YORK.— DUTCH 

1614. — In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English navi- 
gator in the service of Holland, while seeking a north- 
west passage to the Indies, discovered the Hudson river 
and sailed up as far as the place where Albany now 
stands. This gave the Dutch a claim to the land. 

In 1614, Holland took possession of the country 
and named it New Netherlands. Two forts were 
built, one at New Amsterdam (New York) and the 
other at Fort Orange (Albany). This was the only 
colony planted by the Dutch in America. 

The patroon system. — About the time the Pilgrims 
came to America, the Dutch West India Company ob- 
tained a patent for the territory between the Delaware 
and Connecticut rivers. To every one who would 
bring 50 settlers to the country in the course of four 
years, was offered a tract of land having 16 miles of 
water-front on the Hudson and extending back from the 
river as far as he could use. The proprietors were called 
patroons, or lords of the manor. They were to buy the 
land of the]^Indians, and their heirs were to hold it 
forever. Each patroon agreed (1) to pay each emi- 
grant's expenses in coming to America; (2) to stock 
his farm with tools and cattle at small rent and free 
from taxes ; (3) to provide a schoolmaster and a minister. 

The emigrant agreed (1) to cultivate the patroon's 
land for ten years, and not to leave it without permis- 

(43) 



44 THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 

sion; (2) to give the patroon the first opportunity to 
buy the produce he might have to sell ; (3) to bring all 
disputes about property rights to the jjatroon's court. 

The object of the settlement was to carry on trade 
in furs with the Indians, and later to colonize the 
country. 

Settlers. — The colony contained a great many Eng- 
lish, French, and Belgians, even while it belonged to 
the Dutch. It is said that as many as 18 languages 
were spoken in New Amsterdam. 

Goveriiiueut. — Under the Dutch, the Commercial 
Association constituted the government. Under the 
English, the government was at first proprietary and 
later a royal province. 

Religion. — The established religion was the Dutch 
Reformed church. 

Growth. — The growth of the colony was slow but 
steady. 

Purchase of Manhattan Island. — Peter Minuit 
was the first Dutch governor of New Netherlands. 
He bought Manhattan Island, (fourteen thousand 
acres) of the Indians, paying them twenty-four dollars 
in beads, ribbons, and trinkets. 

Walter Yan Twiller was the second Dutch gover- 
nor of New Netherlands. In the ship that brought 
him over, came Mr. Bogardus, the minister, and Mr. 
Rollandsen, the first schoolmaster of the colony. Van 
Twiller was a weak man and a poor governor. 

William Kieft, the third Dutch governor of New 
Netherlands, was also a poor governor, very arbitrary, 
and in constant trouble with the Indians. In two 




UXDER DUTCH GOVERNMENT 45 

years, sixteen hundred Indians were killed in the 
colony. While he was governor the scattered white 
settlements were destroyed. The colonists finally 
sent him home. 

Peter Stnyvesant, the last and best of the Dutch 
governors of New Nether- 
lands, ruled the colony 
from 1645 to 1664. He was 
arbitrary and hot-tempered, 
but honest and determined. 
Under his rather severe 
management, the wealth 
and population of the colony 
were more than doubled. 
Peter stuyvesant. 1602-1682 Coiiquest of New Swe- 
den. — A company of Swedes settled on the western 
bank of the Delaware river in 1638 and called the 
country New Sweden. It was the beginning of the 
State of Delaware. The Dutch had already built a 
fort there and claimed the land. In 1654, Peter 
Stuyvesant marched against the intruders, conquered 
them, and annexed their colony to New Netherlands. 
Trouble with the English.— The English settled 
on the Connecticut river and there was constant 
trouble about boundaries. Stuyvesant settled the 
difficulty by fixing the boundary between New York 
and Connecticut nearly as it is now. 

New Netherlands conquered by the English 
(1664). The English coveted New Netherlands be- 
cause it was an important military position and a con- 
venient centre for the fur-trade. If the Dutch held 
New Netherlands, the New England colonies would be 




46 THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 

separated from the southern colonies, thus weakening 
the power of the English. England claimed all the 
Atlantic coast on account of the discoveries of the 
Cabots. In 1664, Charles 11. fitted out a fleet and sent 

it to Xew Amsterdam to de- 
mand the surrender of the 
colony. Stuyvesant resisted, 
but, having only two hun- 
dred and fifty soldiers to de- 
fend the colony against the 
English, he was forced to 
surrender. After capturing 
New Netherlands, the Eng- 
T, ,«Qn t«8- lish kept it for nine years. 

Charles II., 1630-168o i -^ 

Reigned, 1661-1685 In 1673, during a War be- 

tween England and Holland, the Dutch got possession 
of the colony again, but peace between the two coun- 
tries being made the next year, Xew York was given 
back to the English by treaty. From that time until 
the Revolution, it remained in the hands of the English. 
The negro plot. — In 1741, there were several 
fires and one or two houses were robbed in New York 
city. It was said that the slaves in the city had 
formed a plan to unite and overpower the whites. 
This caused great excitement. Slaves were urged to 
give information of the plot and were promised their 
freedom for so doing. For the sake of gaining free- 
dom several confessed and charged others with having 
been engaged in the conspiracy. More than a hun- 
dred were convicted. A few white men and eighteen 
negroes were hanged and many others were sent to the 
West Indies to be sold. After the excitement had 
passed people believed that no plot had existed. 



UlS^DER ENGLISH GOVERNMEN^T 47 

King's college. — King's college, now Columbia 
university, was founded in New York city in 1754. 

Cornelius May was in command of the first colony 
under the Dutch West India Company in 1624. Cape 
May was named after him. 

Sir Edmund Andros was royal governor of New 
England and New York. 
He stayed in Boston and left 
the government of New York 
to the deputy-governor, 
Nicholson. 

Jacob Leisler, captain 
of the militia, was a German 
and an officer in the Dutch 
Reformed church. He drove 

Sir Edmund Andros, 1637-1714 NicholsOU OUt of the Colouy 

and took the government into his own hands. Later 
he grew very arbitrary and imprisoned citizens who 
opposed him. When Governor Sloughter, who had 
been appointed by William and Mary, came to the 
colony, Leisler turned the government over to him. 
During his administration Leisler had made many ene- 
mies and they succeeded in having him arrested and 
condemned to death. 

Captain Kidd was a bold and skilful sailor, living 
in New York. King AA^illiam wanted to put a stop to 
piracy, which was then very common on all seas. Cap- 
tain Kidd was placed in command of a ship and sent 
out to hunt down pirates, being promised a large share 
in the prizes he might secure. Instead of bringing 
the captured ships to the authorities, he became a 
pirate himself. Some time after, he dared to appear 




48 THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 

in Boston, where he was captured and sent to England 
for trial. He was condemned and hanged for piracy. 
It has been said that he buried treasures on the coast 
of Long Island or on the banks of the Hudson. Many 
adventurers have searched at various points to find 
these treasures, but without success. 

Lord Belloiuoiit^ who made great efforts to sup- 
press piracy, was governor of New York late in the 
17th century. 

The Dougaii Charter. — Through the efforts of 
Governor Dongan, in 1G83, the Duke of York gave the 
colony a charter giving the people (1) a right to vote, 
(2) trial by jury, (3) taxation by the assembly, and 
(4) complete religious freedom. 

Treaty witli the Iroquois. — Governor Dongan 
made a treaty with the Iroquois, so that they never 
fought against the British'in wars that followed. These 
Indians hated the French from the time of Champlain, 
who, in 1G09, had invaded this section with a band of 
Hurons. 

The Zenger triaL — The first newspaper in New 
York was published in 1725 
by AYilliam Bradford, lie 
did the public printing for 
fifty years. Xaturally, this 
paper would not criticise 
the administration of the 
government. Cosby, the 
unscrupulous governor, was 
defeated in a law-suit. He 

wu.L.A.M i;kai,foko. nm-u^i removed the judge and ap- 




FREEDOM OF THE PRESS ESTABLISHED 49 

pointed another in his place. The people of New York 
were indignant at this action, believing that they could 
not secure justice from the courts which were in the 
power of the governor. Bradford's paper supported 
the governor, but Peter Zenger started an opposi- 
tion paper devoted to the cause of the people. This 
new paper was filled with criticisms and rhymes 
about the governor. The paper was seized and Zenger 
was arrested for libel. He edited his paper in his cell 
and secured lawyers to defend his case. Cosby de- 
prived these lawyers of the rights of attorney. Zen- 
ger then hired a lawyer from Philadelphia. His plea 
was that this was the cause of the people, a question 
of the freedom of the press, against the will of a 
dictator. The jury brought in a verdict of "not 
guilty". This decision established the freedom of 
the press, whic^i has ever since been an important aid 
in securing the rights of American citizens. 



NEW JEESEY 



Dutch Trading Post at Bergen in 1G17. — Eng- 
lish AT Elizabethtown IN 1664 

After the Dutch settled on Manhattan Island they 
crossed the river and built a fort at Bergen (1617), and 
another on the Delaware river where Philadelphia 
stands (1623). They claimed all this section as a part 
of New Netherlands. 

The English, denying the claims of the Dutch, in- 
sisted that the discoveries of 
the Cabots gave them the 
right to the whole coast as 
far as Elorida. When 
Charles 11. , in 1664, gave 
New York to his brother, the 
Duke of York, he included 
this region in the gift. The 
Duke sold Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Cartaret the 
land between the Hudson 
and Delaware rivers. 

New Jersey received its name from the island of 
Jersey in the English channel where Cartaret had been 
governor before receiving this grant. Cartaret had 
been a loyal friend to the Duke's father, Charles I. 

Philip Cartaret, nephew of Sir George, brought a 
company of emigrants to New Jersey and made a 

(50) 




James Duke op Yokk, lfi83-1701 
Reioned as James II., 1685-1688 



THE COLONY OF NEW JERSEY 51 

settlement in the eastern part, at Elizabethtown, in 
1665. All people were allowed religious freedom and 
a part in making the laws; therefore many desirable 
emigrants came to New Jersey to live. In 1676, the 
province was divided into East and West Jersey; and 
the western part, Berkeley's share, was bought by some 
Quakers. Later William Penn and other Quakers 
bought East Jersey. There was a great deal of trouble 
about titles to the lands, owing to the number of pro- 
prietors. In 1702, the two provinces were put into the 
hands of the English government and for a while were 
united with New York, although New Jersey still had 
its own assembly. In 1738, New Jersey became a 
separate royal province and so remained till the revolu- 
tion. Benjamin Franklin's son was the last royal gov- 
ernor of New Jersey. 

Princeton college, at Princeton, N. J., was 
founded in 1746. 



MASS ACHUSETTS.- ENGLISH 

(a) Plymouth Colony, Pilgrims, Plymouth, IQW. 

(b) Massachusetts Bay Colony, f Salem, 1628. 

Puritans, 1 Boston, 1630. 

James I. was determined to have every one conform 
to the church of England. Many did not like its 
ceremonies. One class, called Puritans, desired to 
remain in the church but wished to purify and reform 
it. Another class, called Separatists, objected to the 
ceremonies of the church and to its government by 
bishops. They wished to form a church of their own 
wherein the people themselves should rule. 

Being persecuted in England, they went to Holland 
in 1608, where they were allowed religious freedom. 
More emigrants followed until they numbered a thous- 
and or more. As they were well treated, they remained 
in Holland twelve years. 

Not wishing their children to grow up in a land where 
they would lose English speech and customs, they de- 
cided to come to America. They called themselves 
Pilgrims on account of their wanderings. King James 
would not give them a charter, but allowed them to 
come to America. 

In July, 1620, they left Holland in the Speedwell, 
going to Southampton, where they joined the May- 
flower. Both ships started, but had to put back on 
account of the leaking condition of the Speedwell. 

(52) 



THE PILGRIMS 53 

Finally the Mayflower sailed alone Sept. 16, 1620. The 
weather was stormy and they did not reach America 
until November 21. They explored the coast for a 
while and landed December 21, at Plymouth, Massa- 
chusetts. 

Characteristics of the Pilgrims. — Nearly all of 
the Pilgrims were English yeomen, poor, but industri- 
ous. They were men of earnest purpose and very 
religious. 

The growth of the colony was slow. In 1620, 102 
came to America. At the end of ten years, they 
numbered only 300. After 1630, their number in- 
creased rapidly. 

The early sufferings of the Plymouth colony were 
great. They arrived in December, and found the cli- 
mate more severe than that to which they had been 
accustomed. There was great scarcity of food fol- 
lowed by sickness. During the first winter half of 
their number died. Yet when spring came none of 
them thought of returning to England. 

The government was a voluntary association (see 
page 34) until 1692, when Plymouth and Massachu- 
setts Bay colonies were united under a charter govern- 
ment. The Pilgrims, before landing, signed a com- 
pact in the cabin of the Mayflower by which they 
agreed to make and support just and equal laws. John 
Carver was chosen governor. The laws were made in 
town-meetings where every man could freely express 
his opinions and cast his vote. 

John Carver was one of the Pilgrims on the May- 
flower. Before the landing he was chosen governor. 
He died during the first winter in America. 



54 



MASSACHUSETTS — ENGLISH 



William Bradford 




was chosen governor of Ply- 
mouth colony when John 
Carver died. He held the 
office thirty-one years. He 
made a treaty with Massasoit 
which was faithfully kept for 
more than fifty years. 

WiUiaiii Brewster was 

the minister who came with 
the Pilgrims to America. 
He was the best educated 



William Bradford. Ir 

man in the colony. 

Captain Miles Standish was the military com- 
mander at Plymouth. He and his men defended the 
settlement against the Indians. 

Massasoit was an Indian chief of the Wampanoag 
tribe who made a treaty with Governor Bradford, 
which was faithfully kept until King Philip's time. 

Massaciiusets Bay Colony 

John Endicott settled at Salem, in 1628, and John 
Winthrop at Boston, in 1630. These people were 
Puritans, who belonged to the church of England, but 
they did. not like some of the forms and ceremonies 
of that church. They bought of the Plymouth Com- 
pany land between the Charles and the Merrimac rivers, 
obtained a charter from Charles I., and were called the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their first object was to 
make a place of refuge for the Puritans who were 
persecuted in England. Many were engaged in the 
fisheries. Endicott was deputy-governor at Salem un- 
til Winthrop came to the colony. 



THE PURITANS 55 

Characteristics. — The people were sober-minded, 
industrious, very religious, and plain in speech and 
dress. Many of them were men of wealth and influ- 
ence, and highly educated. 

Oovernment. — The government was (1) charter 
government, (2) a royal province, and (3) charter 
government. Only members of the Puritan church 
were allowed to vote. 

Settlement at Boston. — John Winthrop, with 
horses and cattle and nearly a thousand emigrants, 
came to Boston in 1630. He was a man of influence, 
a wise leader, the royal founder of Massachusetts Bay 
Colony, and its first governor. He held this office 
almost continuously until his death in 1659. He 
dressed plainly and was not ashamed to do manual 
labor. He had a son, John, who was afterwards gov- 
ernor of Connecticut Colony. 

Roger Williams, one of the noble men of his times, 
was pastor of the church in SaJem in 1833. He (1) 
advocated the entire separation of church and state; 
(2) declared that no man should be obliged to pay 
taxes to support a minister; (3) that civil officers had 
no right to punish sabbath-breaking or blasphemy; 
and (4) that people were responsible for their opinions 
only to God and to their own consciences. (5) He 
also said that the king of England could not rightfully 
give the land in America to the settlers, because it be- 
longed to the Indians. 

The magistrates and clergymen could not endure 
such opinions and banished him from the colony. In- 
stead of returning to England he went to the Indians 



56 MASSACHUSETTS — ENGLISH 

and lived with them all winter. They gave him a 
large tract of land. 

Mrs. Auiie Hutchinson held opinions like those of 
Roger Williams. She called meetings where she 
preached every week, criticising the clergymen for 
their religious faith and practices. The General Court 
ordered her to be banished. With her husband and 
some friends, she made a settlement in Rhode Island. 

Persecution of Quakers. — A company of people 
called Quakers came to Boston, not to escape persecu- 
tion, but to preach the doctrines in which they be- 
lieved. Later they were persecuted in England. (1) 
They would not give testimony under oath in court, 
(2) nor swear to support the government. (3) They 
would not pay taxes to support any form of public wor- 
ship. (4) They would not do any military service, nor 
bear arms, even in self-defence. Quakers stood in 
direct opposition to the views commonly held by peojjle 
of those days. The Church of England found the 
standard of righteousness in the teachings of the 
church, Puritans found it in the Bible, but Quakers 
believed it was in their own hearts. They were ban- 
ished from Massachusetts under penalty of death. 
Some were put into prison, some were whipped, and 
four were hanged. Many Quakers went to Rhode 
Island. 

Harvard university was named after the Rev. John 
Harvard, who bequeathed his books and half his estate 
to the new college founded in 1636 by the General 
Court, or legislature, in Boston. It was located in 
Newtown, now Cambridge, and is the oldest college in 
America. 



KING PHILIP'S WAR 57 

Union of New England colonies. — In 1643, Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut 
colonies formed a union for their common protection 
against the Indians, and against the encroachments of 
the French and Dutch settlers. At this time, these 
colonies contained about 20,000 settlers and there were 
50 villages. This union was made just after the 
Pequod war. Each colony reserved the right to attend 
to its own local affairs. (This was the beginning of the 
doctrine of State rights.) The union was a confeder- 
acy of states, like the first American government. 
The general affairs of the confederacy were managed 
by a board of eight commissioners, two church-mem- 
bers from each colony, who met as often as neces- 
sary. They had no executive powers, but could recom- 
mend measures which were afterwards acted upon by 
the several colonies, each being independent. The 
name of this confederacy was "The United Colonies 
of New England". It lasted for more than forty 
years. (1664-1686.) 

King Philip's war occurred in 1675 and 1676 in 
New England (in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut). During the life of Massasoit the In- 
dians were at peace with the white people. " King 
Philip", the son of Massasoit, felt bitter over the 
prosperity and increasing power of the colonists. He 
planned to have all the New England tribes unite for 
the destruction of the white people, lest they take 
away all the lands of the Indians. They attacked 
many places in southern and western Massachusetts, 
beginning at Swanzey, in the summer of 1675. They 



58 THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS 

destroyed many places in the Connecticut valley and 
carried the war almost to Boston. At last the Indians 
were hunted down and Philip was chased from one 
hiding-place to another until he was killed by a faith- 
less Indian at Mt. Hope. His death closed the war, 
which had lasted about a year. 

Salem witchcraft, 1692.— The belief prevailed 
that people could be possessed of the devil, and that 
such persons could exercise a bad influence over the 
bodies of others. People so possessed were called 
"witches". The others were their helpless victims. 
Many people in various parts of Europe were put to 
death because they were believed to be witches. Two 
children of Mr. Parris, the minister at Salem, acted 
strangely. An old woman, being whipped, confessed 
that she had bewitched them. Several others were 
said to be bewitched and there was great excitement. 
Many were imprisoned, and twenty were hanged on a 
hill now known as " Gallows Hill ". Many more were 
tortured until they confessed themselves guilty. This 
strange delusion showed the superstitious character of 
the people. It was followed by a re-action when there 
was less intolerance in the colony. 

Massachusetts a royal province. — Charles II., 
in 1084, took away the charter and made Massachu- 
setts a royal province, the first royal governor being 
Sir Edmund Andros. He was exceedingly unjust and 
tyrannical, especially in Massachusetts. He was to 
Massachusetts what Berkeley had been to Virginia. A 
few years later, when, by the revolution of 1688, 
James II. was forced to flee from England, the Boston 



SALEM WITCHCKAFT 59 

people arrested Andros and sent him to England. For 
a short time they managed their own affairs. In 1692, 
William III. of England sent over a new charter making 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Maine one province. 
From this time all forms of religion, except the Roman 
Catholic, were tolerated, and there was greater civil 
freedom, but Massachusetts remained a royal province 
until the revolution. 

The Rev. John Eliot, called the " Apostle to the 
Indians", believed that the red men were descendants 
of the lost tribes of Israel. He founded a settlement 
of " Praying Indians ", and published a translation of 
the Bible into the Indian language. These " Praying 
Indians" often gave warning of intended Indian at- 
tacks and served the colonists as soldiers and guides in 
King Philip's war. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 

16*23. — In 1622, soon after the Plymouth colony had 
become established, Ferdinando Gorges and John 
Mason received a grant of land between the Kennebec 
and Merrimac rivers and extending westward to Lake 
Champlain. They named it Laconia. The first settle- 
ment was made at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, in 
1623. 

The object of settlement was (1) to develop the 
fisheries of New England and (2) to carry on a fur- 
trade with the Indians. 

The government was (1) proprietary; (2) charter 
(when united to Massachusetts) ; (3) a royal province. 

Religion. — Mason and Gorges were of the Church 
of England. Later, religious exiles from Massachus- 
etts settled at Exeter under the leadership of the Rev. 
John Wheelwright. 

Divison of New Hampsliire. — After seven years, 
the proprietors divided their land. Gorges took the 
part between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec rivers, 
calling it Maine; and Mason took the part between the 
Piscataqua and the Merrimac rivers, calling it New 
Hampshire. 

Union witli Massachnsetts. — New Hampshire was 
several times united with Massachusetts Bay Colony 
for various reasons. It was not a strong colony; the 
small population was divided in regard to matters of 

(60) 



MAINE, KEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT 61 

religion; and, by its position, it was exposed to Indian 
attacks. A final separation occurred in 1691, and from 
that time to the revolution it was a royal province. 

Massachusetts claimed the territory of Maine and, 
in 1691, purchased it of the heirs of Gorges for 16,000. 
It continued a part of Massachusetts until 1820, when 
it was admitted to the Union as the twenty-third State. 

A later emigration. — When New Hampshire had 
been settled nearly a hundred years, many Scotch- Irish 
(Scotch Protestants who had settled in the northern 
part of Ireland) emigrated to this colony and settled 
at Londonderry. They introduced the manufacture 
of linen. Daniel Webster was a descendant of one of 
these families. 

Dartmouth college was founded at Hanover, N. 
H., in 1769. 

Termont was not one of the thirteen original 
colonies. Both ^N^ew York and New Hampshire claimed 
the land west of the Connecticut. It was known as 
'* The New Hampshire Grants" because the governor 
of New Hampshire had divided it into townships for 
settlement. In 1765, King George decided that it 
should be given to New York, but those who had com- 
menced settlements there were greatly dissatisfied. 
Early in the revolution, 1777, Vermont declared itself 
independent. After the war, when the Union of 
States had been completed, Vermont was the first new 
State to join the original thirteen. 



CONNECTICUT.— ENGLISH 
Windsor. 1633 

First settlements. — In ^1633, the Dutch built a 
fort on the Connecticut river where the city of Hart- 
ford now stands. The same year, a few men from Ply- 
mouth went to Windsor further up the river, and made 
a settlement. Both the Dutch and the English were 
anxious to control the fur-trade with the Indians. 

Two years later many emigrants from England came 
to Massachusetts Bay. There were then eight large 
towns in the vicinity of Boston. The same year, 
people from Dorchester and Watertown settled at 
Windsor and Weathersfield. 

John Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, 
took a company of English emigrants to the mouth of 
the Connecticut river and there founded Saybrook. 
This made it impossible for the Dutch to hold their 
position at Hartford. Thus three English towns were 
planted in Connecticut in 1635. 

In 1036, the Rev. Thomas Hooker with a hundred 
emigrants from Cambridge, founded a new colony at 
Hartford. These people went on foot and drove their 
cattle before them. For a time the Connecticut set- 
tlements were considered a part of Massachusetts Bay, 
but in 1639, Hartford, Windsor, and Weathersfield 
united under the name of Connecticut. They adopted 
a written constitution which gave all the people a right 

to vote. 

(62) 



THE PEQUOD WAR 63 

The New Haven colony. — In 1638, while the 
trouble with the Pequods was still going on, John 
Davenport and a company of wealthy Englishmen from 
London established a colony at Xew Haven. They 
had no laws but those they found in the Bible. 

Union of Connecticut colonies. — The Connecticut 
colony was formed out of the settlements of Hartford, 
Windsor, and Weathersfield in 1639. In 1644, the 
Connecticut colony purchased Saybrook and thus se- 
cured control of the lower part of the river. In 1662, 
New Haven and Connecticut were united under a liberal 
charter granted by Charles II., which was used as the 
State constitution until 1818, except the three years 
during which Andros was royal governor of New Eng- 
land. (1686-1689.) 

Object of settlement. — (l) The colonists wished 
to control the fur-trade of that section. (2) They 
wished to cultivate the rich meadow-lands of the 
valley. (3) They wished to have greater civil free- 
dom. The Puritans were aristocratic. They believed 
that the affairs of the colony should be managed by 
the wisest and best men in the colony, therefore they 
allowed only church-members to vote. Thomas Hooker 
and his friends were more democratic. In the Con- 
necticut colony all men were allowed to vote. 

The Pequod war, 1637.— All the Indians of New 
England belonged to the Algonquin family. In the 
valley of the Thames lived the Pequods, a bold and 
war-like tribe, who were very troublesome, especially 
in Connecticut. They made no open attacks, but 
skulked about and waylaid the white people, whom 



64 THE COLONY OF CONNECTICUT 

they tortured and killed. Through the influence of 
Roger Williams, the Narragansetts were kept from 
joining them. In 1637, the white people determined 
to put a stop to these Indian attacks. Captain Mason, 
with 90 men from Connecticut, and Captain Underhill, 
with 20 men from Massachusetts, and some friendly 
Indians, marched against the Pequods, who were en- 
camped in a stockade. The Indians were taken by sur- 
prise, and before they could rally the fort was set on 
fire and nearly all were destroyed. It is said that only 
five out of five hundred escaped. The remainder of 
the tribe, encamped at another place, was soon hunted 
down and killed. 

Trouble with Governor Aiidros, 1687. — Charter 
Oak. After James II. became king, he appointed Sir 
Edmund x\ndros royal governor of Xew England and 
New York. The king ordered him to take away the 
charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut. Andros 
went to Hartford, where he met the legislature and 
demanded the charter. The matter was discussed un- 
til evening when lights were brought in. Suddenly 
the meeting found itself in darkness, and before the 
candles could be re-lighted the box containing the 
charter had disappeared. William Wadsworth had 
taken it and hidden it in a hollow tree, ever afterward 
known as the "Charter Oak". The colonists were 
obliged to give up their charter government and to 
acknowledge the authority of Andros. AVhen the 
people of Boston arrested Andros and sent him to Eng- 
land, Connecticut resumed its charter government. 

Yale university^ founded in 1700, is located at 
New Haven, Conn. 



MARYLAND.— ENGLISH 
St. Mary. 1634 

Maryland was settled by Lord Baltimore, an English 
Eoman Catholic. 

The object was to provide a place of refuge for perse- 
cuted Roman Catholics. One form of persecution to 
which they were subjected was this: an English law 
imposed a heavy fine upon every Roman Catholic who 
refused to attend the Church of England. This law 
was not strictly enforced, but large sums of money 
were extorted from Catholics. 

(xeorge Calvert^ the first Lord Baltimore, was raised 
to the peerage by James I. He had been a personal 
friend of the king and his secretary of state. Lord 
Baltimore had tried to found a Roman Catholic colony 
on the island of Newfoundland, but the climate was 
so severe that he asked and obtained from the king a 
grant of land north of the Potomac river. 

Proprietors. Liberal charters. — The king prom- 
ised the land to the first Lord Baltimore, who died be- 
fore receiving the grant. His son, Cecil Calvert, 
second Lord Baltimore, received the charter and was 
made " Lord Proprietary", almost a king. He could 
call an assembly of representatives of the people, 
whose laws could be enforced as soon as he had signed 
them, the king's assent not being required. He could 
coin money, establish courts, appoint judges, and par- 
don criminals. The Maryland charter also contained a 
provision denying the right of the English govern- 

(65) 



66 THE COLONY OF MARYLAND 

ment to tax these colonists. In token of his loyalty, 
Lord Baltimore was to send yearly to the king two 
Indian arrows and one-fifth of all the gold or silver he 
might find in the new colony. His office as Lord 
Proprietary was to be hereditary. 

First settlement. The wigwam church. — The 
first colony, numbering about 20 gentlemen and 300 
laborers, made a settlement at St. Mary's in 1654. It 
was led by Governor Leonard Calvert, brother of the 
second Lord Baltimore. Before building their houses 
the settlers bought land of the Indians, paying them 
with axes, hoes, and cloth. Almost without interrup- 
tion, the Maryland colony had friendly relations with 
the Indians. Soon after their arrival, the Catholics 
got permission from an Indian chief to use his wigwam 
for a chapel, the first Roman Catholic church in 
America. 

Political and religious freedom. — From the 
beginning Lord Baltimore allowed ail the people of 
the colony to take a part in making the laws. Abso- 
lute religious freedom was given to all Christians. No 
other colony enjoyed such freedom, nor was it known 
in Europe at that time. 

The toleration acts. Results. — The toleration 
acts were laws passed by the Maryland assembly, which 
gave all Christians liberty to worship God according to 
the dictates of their own consciences. Thus Mary- 
land became a refnge for persecuted Christians from 
every section, — for Puritans from Virginia, and 
Quakers from Massachusetts, as well as Roman Catho- 
lics from England. People of all creeds were drawn 
to this colony and it increased rapidly in wealth and 
population. 

Clayhorne's rebellion. — The Virginia people were 



CLAYBORNE S REBELLION 



67 



greatly dissatisfied on account of the king's grant to 
Lord Baltimore, claiming that the land was a part of 
what had already been given to them. Clayborne was 
a Virginian who had received a license to trade with 
the Indians on Chesapeake Bay. Before Maryland was 
founded, he had established a trading post and a thriv- 
ing settlement on Kent Island. He refused to submit 
to the authority of Lord Baltimore, and tried to hold 
the island by force. In 1634, he was driven out, and 
went to England to lay his case before the king. 
Lord Baltimore took possession of his settlements. 
Eleven years afterwards, Clayborne returned with a 
large force and drove the governor of Maryland out of 
the colony. The country was kept in turmoil for two 
or three years, when Lord Baltimore forced Clayborne 
to tiee. This ended the contest. 

Civil wars. — Clayborne's rebellion commenced not 
long after the Maryland colonists arrived. In 1645, 
after he had once been driven out of the colony, Clay- 
borne returned with a strong force. Supported by 
of Puritans in the colony, he com- 
pelled the governor to flee 
from Maryland. Lord Balti- 
more collected a company 
and drove Clayborne away. 
After this, Cromwell settled 
the difficulty in the colony 
by declaring in favor of the 
Calverts. In 1658, Parlia- 
ment restored Lord Balti- 
more to his rights, and 
Maryland, for about thirty 
years, enjoyed a period of prosperity. 



large numbers 





Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658 
Protector, 1653-1658 



68 THE COLONY OF MARYLAND 

In 1G89, William and Mary came to the throne. 





William III.. 1 HoO- 1 702 M.\ it v 1 1 . . 1 m2- 1 H'.M 

Reigned. lt)89-]7():2 Reigned. 1689-1694 

pledged to support the Protestant religion. The 
enemies of Lord Baltimore again made trouble and 
the new king took matters into his own hands. Par- 
liament made new laws, took away the charter of the 
Cal verts, and established the Church of England in 
the colony. Open Catholic worship was not allowed. 
In 1715, the third Lord Baltimore died, and his son, 
who had become a Protestant, was made proprietor. 
From that time to the revolution, Maryland was held 
by him and his descendants. 

Ooveriiment. — (l) Proprietary, (2) royal province, 
(3) proprietary. 

Mason and Dixon's line. — In 1682, William Penn 
founded Pennsylvania. For many years afterwards, 
there were bitter disputes about the boundary between 
Pennsylvania and Maryland. At last, two English 
surveyors, Mason and Dixon, were employed (1763- 
1767) to establish a boundary that would satisfy both 
parties. They|ran a line from the northeast corner of 



MASOK AND DIXON'S LINE 69 

Maryland due west, nearly three hundred miles. 
Stones were set up, five miles apart, having cut upon 
them, on the north side, the coat of arms of William 
Penn, and on the south side, the arms of Lord Balti- 
more. This became one of the famous boundaries of 
the country. Years afterward, it marked the division 
between the free States and the slave States which 
were formed from the thirteen original colonies. 



RHODE ISLAND.— ENGLISH BAPTISTS 
Providence. 1686 

Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams in 1 636. 

The object was to make a place of refuge for re- 
ligious exiles from Massachusetts. 

The Puritans came to New England, not to establish 
religious freedom, but to found a church wherein they 
could worship according to their own ideas. They 
allowed no one but church members to vote, but they 
required all to assist in paying the expenses of the 
Puritan church. Roger Williams was pastor of the 
church in Salem in 16:)3, and he did not hesitate to 
condemn the Puritans for this system. He advocated 
entire separation of church and State, declared that 
no man should be obliged to pay taxes to support the 
church, that civil officers should not punish religious 
offences, that each man must be accountable for acts 
and opinions only to God and to his own conscience. 
He said that the king had no right to sell or give away 
the land in America, because it belonged to the Indians. 

On account of his religious and political views Roger 
Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay colony. 
To escape being sent to England, he went to live with 
the Indians. He could not speak their language but 
had won their friendship, so he fled to the wigwam of 
Massasoit where he remained through the winter. 

In 1636, with a few friends he made a settlement at 
(70) 



RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 71 

the head of Narragansett Bay, on land which the 
Indians had given him. He named it Providence, in 
grateful memory of God's care over him. In 1639, 
he established, at Providence, the first Baptist church 
in America. This colony became a refuge for the 
persecuted of every religious faith. 

To-day the United States constitution declares that 
no religious test shall be required as qualification for 
aiiy office in the United States, but, at that time, it 
was strange doctrine that the government could not 
control the religious belief of a community. 

In 1638, William Coddington, Mrs. Anne Hutchin- 
son, and others in sympathy with Roger Williams, 
bought the island of Rhode Island and made settle- 
ments there. 

The government was at first a democracy, a vol- 
untary association. Only heads of families could vote, 
but all unmarried men must bind themselves to obey 
the laws. 

In 1644, Williams went to England to secure a char- 
ter. (The year before Rhode Island was not admitted 
to the Union of colonies " because it had no charter ''.) 
The charter obtained by Williams united the settle- 
ments of Rhode Island into one province with power 
to make their own laws. A second charter, given 
twenty years later, confirmed the first, and was used 
as the State constitution until 1842. Rhode Island 
has at every period of her history given absolute free- 
dom of worship, although at one time only Protestants 
were allowed to vote. 

Brown university was founded, in 1764, at Provi- 
dence. 



DELAWARE.— SWEDES 
Christina (now Wilmington) 1G38 

The Dutch attempted to make a settlement on the 
Delaware river in 1631, but it was destroyed by Indians. 

Object. — In 1638, the Swedes, wishing to have a 
colony in America, settled near Wilmington on the 
Delaware river. Later they made other settlements 
and called the country New Sweden. The Dutch 
claimed the territory as part of New Netherlands, so 
Peter Stuyvesant marched against the Swedes, con- 
quered them, and annexed their settlements to New 
Netherlands. He gave them permission to remain in 
the country and promised not to interfere with their 
religious worship. When, in 1664, the Duke of York 
took New Netherlands from the Dutch, this section 
was included in the surrender. William Penn after- 
wards bought from the English the " three counties on 
the Delaware", so that his land might extend to the 
Atlantic. After this purchase, Delaware was governed 
as a part of Pennsylvania. After 1703, it had its own 
assembly. Delaware was not a separate State until it 
declared itself independent in 1776. After the Revo- 
lutionary war Delaware was the first State to adopt 
the Constitution. 

The government was proprietary. 

Delaware lawfully belonged to Lord Baltimore, but 
his rights were disregarded first by Swedes; then by 
the Dutch, who annexed it to New Netherlands; and 
then by the Duke of York, who took it from the Dutch 
and later sold it to William Penn. In 1732, the heirs 
of Penn and of Lord Baltimore agreed upon what is 
still the boundary line between Pennsylvania and 

Delaware. 

(72) 



NOKTH CAROLmA 



Albemarle Coloky. 1663 

This colony was settled by discontented English 
people from Virginia, who went to the Chowan river 
near Albermarle Sound. Another settlement was 
made on the Cape Fear river. 

The object was to colonize and develop the new 
world. 

The government was proprietary. Charles II., in 
1663, gave the land to (1) Lord Clarendon and seven 
associates, (2) General Monk, who was the Duke of 
Albemarle, (3) Ashley Cooper, Lord Shaftesbury, (4) 
Lord Craven, (5) Sir John Colleton, (6) Sir George 
Carteret, (7) Lord Berkeley, and (8) Sir William 
Berkeley. Their grant included both North and 
South Carolina, as well as what is now Georgia and a 
part of Florida. 

The grand model was the form of government 
planned for Carolina by John 
Locke and Lord Shaftesbury. 
The plan was to divide the 
great wilderness into vast 
estates with hereditary titles. 
It aimed to divide society 
into classes: the negroes, 
the white laborers, land- 
holders without titles, the 
nobility, the eight proprie- 
(73) 




John Locke, 1632-1704 



74 THE COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 

tors, aiul, highest of all, the oldest proprietor. It set 
up courts of justice to regulate everything, even to 
matters of dress. The common people were not al- 
lowed to vote nor to hold landed property. They could 
not leave the farm on which they were working with- 
out permission of the nobleman who owned it. 

After trying for twenty years to enforce this strange 
constitution, the proprietors were obliged to give up 
the plan. The colonies were so far apart that it was 
necessary to have two governors even while they were 
one province. In 1729, the colony was divided into 
North and South Carolina and each had a governor 
appointed by the king. 

The growth of North Carolina was very slow. The 
population was scattered. 



SOUTH CAEOLINA 



Old Chaeleston, Ashley River. 1670 

This colony was settled by Sir George Cartaret and 
others, who brought two shiploads of emigrants from 
England. 

The objects were to christianize the Indians, and to 
found a refuge for Huguenots. 

The government was (1) proprietary, (2) royal 
province. 

Huguenots. — Religious liberty was enjoyed in South 
Carolina from the outset. In 
1680, large numbers of Hu- 
genots fled from France, 
where they were being perse- 
cuted by Louis XIV. They 
belonged to good families, 
were very intelligent, refined, 
and upright, of the highest 
character, and of elegant 
manners. Many eminent 
Americans have been descen- 
dants of Huguenots who settled in South Carolina. 
At one time there were twenty thousand Huguenots in 
the colony. They brought to America the olive and 
mulberry, and established great plantations on the 
banks of the Cooper river. They also introduced 
many choice varieties of pears. 

(75) 




Louis XIV., 1638-1715 
Reigned, 1643-1715 



76 THE COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

In 1694, a bag of seed-rice was brought to Charles- 
ton. This led to the cultivation of rice until it be- 
came the staple product of South Carolina. The cul- 
tivation of indigo was commenced in 1742 but was 
given up after a while because cotton was found to be 
a more profitable product. 

Growth. — For the first twenty years this colony 
increased slowly. After that time the export of the 
agricultural products of the State made Charleston the 
leading commercial city in the South. 




PENNSYLVANIA.— ENGLISH QUAKEKS 

Philadelphia. 1682 

William Penn was a young Englishman of wealth 
and culture, the son of Ad- 
miral Penn, who had been 
active in restoring Charles 
II. to the throne of England. 
Penn became a Friend while 
studying at Oxford. For his 
extreme religious opinions 
he was several times arrested 
and put into prison. The 

William Penn, 1641-1784 pCOplc of William Peun's 

faith called themselves Friends. Others, in derision, 
called them Quakers. 

Object. — Upon the death of his father, to whom the 
king owed £16,000, Penn obtained a grant of land in 
America in payment of this debt. He wished to found 
a colony which would be a place of refuge for Quakers, 
and for the persecuted of all lands and of all religious 
faiths, and one which should have for its basis the 
Golden Rule. At one time, there were 4,000 Quakers 
in English prisons. 

Goveriinieiit. — The king named the colony and 
made Penn proprietor. The government consisted of 
(1) the proprietor, (2) the council, and (3) the assem- 
bly. The proprietor appointed a governor but the 

m 



78 PENNSYLVANIA — ENGLISH QUAKERS 

people chose the members of the council and assembly. 
Every taxpayer and freeholder was allowed to vote. 

Prosperity. — Penn gave the settlers a popular gov- 
ernment and the greatest religious privileges, and sold 
them land on liberal terms. In consequence, large 
numbers came to the colony, not only from England, 
but from all sections of Europe. In 1683, Penn founded 
Philadelphia, laying out the city with the greatest 
care. Within one year, a hundred houses were built, 
and in two years there were two thousand inhabitants. 
Philadelphia gained more in three years than Xew 
York did in fifty years. At the beginning of the 
revolution, it was the largest and most important city 
in the American colonies. 

The great law. — Penn and the legislature of 
Pennsylvania met in 1682 and enacted the " Great 
Law". This constitution gave the people of the 
colony great liberty, but it required obedience to the 
laws they had made. It provided: (1) that all colonists 
should be protected in their worship of God, but that 
no one should be compelled to support any form of wor- 
ship against his will; (2) that all resident taxpayers 
should have a right to vote and that every member of 
any Christian church should have a right to hold office 
and become a member of the legislature; (3) that 
every child, after the age of twelve, should be brought 
up to some trade or useful occupation; (4) that the 
death penalty should be inflicted for two crimes only 
— murder and treason; (5) that every prison should be 
made a workshop and a place of reformation; (6) that 
Indians must be treated kindly. 



79 

Penn's treaty with the Indians.— In 1683, under 
an elm tree near Philadelphia, Penn met the Delaware 
Indians and made a treaty of peace and friendship with 
them. They exchanged belts of wampum, as pledges, 
and he paid them for the land. This treaty was never 
broken while the Quakers held control of Pennsyl- 
vania. The first Indian trouble in Pennsylvania oc- 
curred during the P'rench and Indian war (1754-63). 

Trouble with Delaware .--In 1684, after the 
colony had been fairly established, Penn returned to 
England, leaving the settlement in charge of a deputy- 
governor. "The lower counties on the Delaware" 
became dissatisfied and were allowed a separate assem- 
bly. Delaware was, however, a part of Pennsylvania 
until the revolution. 



GEORGIA.— ENGLISH 

Savannah. 1733 

The Spanish who had settled in Florida looked with 
disfavor upon the growing English colony in Carolina, 
and incited the Indians to destroy it. 

Object. — James Oglethorpe, a brave soldier and a 
member of Parliament, wished to plant a colony which 
should serve as a military outpost for the defence of 
Carolina against the Spanish and Indians. He also 
desired to establish a place of refuge for poor debtors 
suffering in English prisons. He planned to select de- 
serving men, pay their debts, and send them to Amer- 
ica for a fresh start in life. The money for this under- 
taking was supplied partly by the government and partly 
by private individuals. A company of twenty-two 
men, led by Oglethorpe, formed an association. To 
this company George II. gave the land " in trust for 
the poor". The colony was named after the king. 
Not all the people who came to Georgia were poor 
debtors. There was a colony of German Protestants 
and another of Scotch Highlanders. 

The first settlement was at Savannah in 1733. 
Freedom of worship was granted to all but Roman 
Catholics. The people cultivated rice, indigo, silk, 
and cotton. 

Restrictions. — It was provided (1) that for twenty- 
one years all laws should be made by the association; 

(80) 



TROUBLE WITH THE SPANIARDS 81 

(There was no government by the people.) (2) That 
no woman could inherit land. (This was to keep the 
land in the hands of those who could do military ser- 
vice.) (3) That rum could not be imported. (This 
deprived them of the West India trade.) (4) That no 
slaves could be brought to the colony. (Georgia could 
not compete with colonies which had slave labor.) (5) 
That no Roman Catholic could live in the colony. 

Trouble with the Spaniards. — Florida, which 
was owned by Spain and occupied by Spaniards, bor- 
dered upon Georgia. There were several contests be- 
tween the English colonists and the Spaniards. The 
English attacked St. Augustine and the Spanish at- 
tacked Charleston and Savannah, with no special result 
except to cause bitter feeling on both sides. 

John and Charles Wesley, two brothers, founders of 
the Methodist church in America, came with Ogle- 
thorpe to do missionary work in Georgia. 

George Whitefield, another Methodist preacher, 
established an orphan asylum near Savannah. He be- 
lieved in slave-labor. Through his efforts, the laws 
were so changed that slaves could be owned in this 
colony and the importation of rum was allowed. 
Whitefield supported his orphan asylum from the pro- 
ducts of slave labor upon his plantation in South 
Carolina. 

The government was (1) proprietary, (2) royal 
province. At the end of twenty years, the trustees 
gave up their charter to the king and Georgia remained 
a royal province until the revolution. 



82 



THE COLONIES 



Reference Table. I 



Colony 



Virginia 

New York 
New Jersey 

Massachusetts 



New Hampshire 
Connecticut 



Maryland 
Rhode Island 
Delaware 



North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Pennsylvania 
Georgia 



When 



1607 

1614 

1618 
1665 

1620 

1628 

1630 

1623 

1633 



1634 
1636 
1638 



Where 



Jamestown 

New York 
Albany 
Bergen 
Elizabethown 

Plymouth 

Salem 

Boston 

Dover and Ports 

mouth 
Windsor 



St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 



1663 Chowan river, 

I Albemarle Sound 
1670! Charleston 



1682 
1733 



Philadelphia 
Savannah 



By tvhom 



Leader 



English 
(London 

Co.) 
Dutch 

Dutch 
English 

English 

(Pilgrims) 

English 

(Puritans) 

English 

(Puritans) 

English 

English 



English 

English 

Swedes 

Dutch 

English 

English 

English 

English 

(Quakers) 

English 



John Smith 



Henry Hudson 



Berkeley and 

Carteret 
Carver and 

Bradford 
John Endicott 

John Winthrop 

Gorges and 

Mason 
Winthrop 
Hooker 
Davenport 
Lord Baltimore 
Roger Williams 



Lord Clarendon 
and others 

Lord Clarendon 
and others 

William Penn 

Jas. Oglethorpe 



THE COLONIES 



83 



Reference Table. II 



Colony 


Why settled 


Religion 


Government 






Virginia 


To find gold 


Church of Eng. 


(1) Charter 

(2) Proprietary 

(3) Royal Province 


New York 


To carry o n fur- 


Dutch Re form 'd 


(1) Dutch Com- 




trade 




mercial Associ- 
ation 

(2) Proprietary 

(3) Royal Province 


New Jersey 


To carry on fur- 


Dutch Reform 'd 


(1) Com m ercial 




trade; to colonize 


Church of Eng. 


Association 




the country 


Quaker 


(2) Proprietarv 

(3) Royal Province 


Massachusetts 


To escape religious 


Pilgrim Church 


(1) Voluntary As' n 




persecution ; t o 
found a colony 


Puritan Church 


(2) Charter 




(Congregat'nal) 


(3) Royal Province 


New Hampshire 


To carry on fur- 


Church of Eng. 


(1) Proprietary 




trade; to carry on 




(2) Royal Province 




fishing 






Connecticut 


To carry on fur- 
trade and agri- 
culture; to gain 
more civil free- 
dom 


Puritan Church 


Charter 


Maryland 


To give English 


Roman Catholic 


(1) Proprietary 




Catholicfra refuge 




(2) Royal Province 

(3) Proprietary 


Rhode Island 


To make a refuge 


Protestant 


(1) Voluntary As- 




for exiles from 


(Baptists) 


sociation 




Mass. 




(2) Charter 


Delaware 


To give religious 


Swedish Church 


Proprietary 




freedom; to found 


Quaker 






a colony 






North Carolina 


To found a colony 


Church of Eng. 


(1) Proprietary 

(2) Royal Province 


South Carolina 


To found a colony 


Church of Eng. 


(1) Proprietary 

(2) Royal Province 


Pennsylvania 


To make a refuge 

for Eng'h Quakers 

To aid poor debtors 


Quaker 


Proprietary 


Georgia 


Church of Eng. 


(1) Proprietary 




in England; to 




(2) Royal Province 




help protect S. 


Protestant 






Carolina. 


(Methodist) 





IXTER-COLONIAL WARS 
I. King William's War. 1689-1697 

Parties. — France and England. 

Cause. — War in Europe between France and Eng- 
land. The English, after the revolution of 1688, had 
banished James II., who was a Roman Catholic, and 
called William and Mary to the throne of England. 

Mary was the daughter of James, but she was a 
Protestant. Her husband was William, Prince of 
Orange, who lived in Holland. 

Louis XIV. was king of France. He hated William 
of Orange, because the latter had helped to drive Louis 
out of Holland when he was trying to conquer that 
country. This French king espoused the cause of 
the exiled James II. against King William. 

The English colonies in America took sides with 
England; the French colonies, with France; but the 
real trouble in America was that both the French and 
the English were anxious to get possession of the land 
in America. Their claims overlapped. In other words 
neither had any definite, recognized boundary. 

This struggle between the French and the English 
lasted for more than seventy years. 

The Iroquois were friendly to the English, but the 
other Indians took sides with the French. (Review 
the story of Champlain.) 

Events. — (1) War parties of French and Indians 

(84) 



QUEEN an^ne's war 85 

came down from Canada and made attacks upon vari- 
ous settlements in New York and New England, par- 
ticularly at Schenectady, N. Y., and at Haverhill, 
Mass. (Learn the story of Hannah Dustin.) 

(2) The English made a successful attack upon Port 
Royal, Novia Scotia, and an unsuccessful attack upon 
Canada. 

Results. — This war was closed by the Treaty of 
Ryswick (a town in Holland), 1697. No change in 
the ownership of land in America was made, William 
was acknowledged king of England. 

II. Queen Anne's War. 1702-1713 
Five years after the Treaty of Ryswick had been 
signed, war again broke out. 

King William had died and Anne, sister of Mary, 
had become queen of Eng- 
land. 

Parties. — England and 
France. 

This war is sometimes 
called the War of the Span- 
ish Succession. King Charles 
f^^ ."^^' II. of Spain died in 1700, 

<Hs:'. ,J^ and named Philip of Anjou 

annTi^-1714 l^is successor. Philip was 

Reigned, 1702-1714 graudsOU of Louis XIV. Of 

France. This would be almost a union of France 
and Spain. As Spain had control of a part of the 
Netherlands and of the northern part of Italy, this 
arrangement would affect "the balance of power" in 
Europe. Philip was very young, and, if he were king, 




86 QUEEN ANNE'S WAR 

his grandfather would be the real ruler of Spain. 
Other nations would not tolerate a union of the two 
countries. 

England, Holland, and Prussia united to prevent 
Philip from being king of Spain. They wished the 
son of the German Emperor to be appointed king, 
instead of Philip. 

The English and the French were still in dispute 
about the land in America. 

The Iroquois were neutral in this war, so Xew York 
did not suifer as much as in King William's war. 

Events. — (1) The principal attacks were made in 
New England, particularl}^ at Deerfield and Haverhill, 
in Mass. 

(2) Port Royal, Xovia Scotia, was again taken from 
the French and the name was changed to Annapolis in 
honor of the Queen. The English also made an un- 
successful attack upon Quebec. 

Results. — Queen Anne's war was closed by the 
treaty of Utrecht (a town in Holland), in 1713. 

By the terms of the treaty, England obtained con- 
trol of the fisheries of Newfoundland, Labrador and 
Hudson Bay. Acadia was given to England and its 
name was changed to Nova Scotia. The French never 
regained it. 

III. King George's War. 1744-1748 

There was peace for thirty years after the treaty of 
Utrecht. 

King George's war is sometimes called the War of 
the Austrian Succession. 

Parties. — England and France. 




KING GEORGE'S WAR 87 

Causes. — Upon the death of the German Emperor, 
Charles VI., his daughter, 
Maria Theresa, succeeded to 
the Austrian throne. France, 
Spain, and some other Eu- 
ropean nations united to 
overthrow this arrangement. 
They wished Charles, Elec- 
tor of Bavaria, to be made 
emperor. George 11. , of 
GEORGE ][.. 1688-1769 England, took up the cause 

Reigned, 1727-1760 of Maria Thcresa and Louis 

XV. took up the cause of Charles. 

The same difficulties about land in America con- 
tinued. 

The only event of importance in America was the 

capture of Louisburg by the English. This was the 

strongest fortress in America and had cost 15,000,000. 

The siege lasted feix weeks, and 4,000 New England 

militia and four British war-ships were engaged. 

Results. — The war closed with the treaty of Aix- 
la-Chapelle, (a town in Germany). By the terms of 
the treaty England gave back Louisburg to the French 
in exchange for a place in India which the French had 
captured. 

The boundary line between Georgia and Florida 
was settled. 

IV. The French and Indian War. 1754-1763 
Causes. — (l) A mutual hatred existed between the 
French and English, who had been at war for nearly 
seventy years. (2) The French and English claimed 
the same land in America. 



88 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

(3) The French built forts, Venango, Presque Isle, 
and Le Boeuf, on land which the English had granted 
to the Ohio Land Company. (4) The French built 
Fort Duquesne at the junction of the Alleghany and 
Monongahela rivers. (5) Washington was sent to the 
French commander of the forts to present the claims 
of the English. 

The principal engagements of this war were made to 
gain possession of five important places: Fort Du- 
quesne, Louisburg and Acadia, Crown Point and 
Ticonderoga, Niagara, and Quebec. 

These places were called objective points because all 
the operations of the army were planned with the one 
object of gaining possession of them. 

Definition. — Objective points are the places against 
which the operations of an army are directed. 

1. Fort Duquesne was situated where the city of 
Pittsburg now stands. Consequently it was a point 
from which a large trade west of the Alleghanies could 
be controlled. If the French held it, the English 
colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania would be exposed 
to Indian attacks. 

2. Louisburg and Acadia were situated where Nova 
Scotia now lies. If the French held this section, they 
could easily attack New England, control the fisheries, 
and offer safe harbors for privateers, who might come 
out and capture English ships. 

3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga were in the north- 
eastern part of New York near Lake Cham plan. These 
places controlled the route to Canada by way of Lake 



OBJECTIVE POINTS 89 

George and Lake Champlain. They also afforded a 
safe starting-point for French expeditions against New 
York and New England. 

4. Niagara was at the mouth of the Niagara river 
and protected the great fur-trade of the upper lakes 
and the West. 

5. Quebec was on the St. Lawrence river. It was 
the strongest fortification in Canada and controlled 
the St. Lawrence. 

The object of the war was to decide whether the 
English or the French would control the continent of 
America. 

The English greatly outnumbered the French, but 
the French had explored and taken possession of the 
two chief rivers of the country, the St. Lawrence and 
the Mississippi. They built a large number of forts 
at important positions along the Great Lakes and the 
Mississippi, on the present sites of Detroit, Chicago, 
St. Louis, New Orleans, and other cities. 

The English held a narrow strip along the Atlantic 
coast a thousand miles in length. 

The land west of the Alleghany mountains furnished 
an abundance of fur-bearing animals. Both the 
French and the English claimed the land and each 
tried to hold it. The English formed the Ohio Land 
Company and determined to send emigrants to that 
section to settle. The French captured the English 
surveyors and built a line of forts (Venango, Presque 
Isle, and Le Boeuf) to stop further English settlement. 

Washington's journey^ 1753. — The English de- 
cided to send a messenger to the French forts to state 



90 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

that the English claimed the land on which the forts 
had been built and to ask the French to retire peace- 
ably. George Washington was chosen to carry the 
message. He was twenty-one years old, strong and 
vigorous. He was a good surveyor. The journey was 
a difficult one, through forests, over mountains and 
across rivers, in a very wild country. The whole 
journey covered about a thousand miles and occupied 
two months. The French commander refused to yield 
to the English demands. 

The journey had tv^o results: Washington was 
greatly impressed with the immense value of the 
region through which he had journeyed; the English 
found out that the French could be dislodged only by 
force. Afterwards, Washington owned a great deal of 
land beyond the Alleghanies and was always interested 
in the settlement of " the West ", as it was called. 

1754. — The war began in the spring of 1754. The 
Ohio Company commenced to build a fort at the junc- 
tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers but the 
French drove them off and built the fort, naming it 
Duquesne. The English made an unsuccessful attempt 
to drive off the French. At Cireat Meadows the first 
skirmish of the war resulted in the defeat of the 
French. 

At Fort Necessity, which had been built by the 
English about forty miles south of Fort Duquesne, 
the English under Washington were obliged to capitu- 
late when attacked by a large force of French. 

Destruction of Acadia^ 1755. — Acadia ha(^ been 
settled by the French in 1005, but at the close of 




braddock's retreat 91 

Queen Anne's war, by the terms of the Treaty of 

Utrecht, it had been given to 
England. The people were 
simple French peasants who 
still spoke the French lan- 
guage and secretly favored 
the French cause. The Eng- 
lish suspected their hostility 
and urged the Acadians to 
take an oath of allegiance to 
Sir Robert mon^ton, 1726-1782 the English king, but large 
numbers refused to do so. Then it was decided to 
banish them from the country. General Monckton 
was sent to accomplish this deed. Acadia was easily 
subdued. The unsuspecting men were called to the 
church and made prisoners. Then the land was laid 
waste, and the people were taken on board ships to be 
carried off into exile. Families were separated and 
scattered throughout the colonies, from Canada to 
Louisiana. Between six and seven thousand Acadians 
were removed from their homes. 

Braddock's defeat, or the battle of Fort 
Duquesne. — In June, 1755, General Braddock was 
sent to capture Fort Duquesne. He was an officer in 
the regular army of Great Britain and his men were 
trained soldiers. Colonel Washington, with a body of 
Virginia soldiers, accompanied Braddock and warned 
him in regard to the Indian style of fighting. His 
words made no impression upon General Braddock, 
who said that the Indians might frighten the conti- 
nental soldiers, but not the king's regulars. The army 
had to march 150 miles. By the end of a month they 



<)2 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

were within five miles of the fort. Up to this time all 
had gone well. Suddenly they came to an ambush. 
The Indian war-whoop was heard on all sides. The 
British were frightened and fired at random. Brad- 
dock was mortally wounded and a panic followed. 
Washington and the Virginia soldiers sprang into the 
forest and fought the Indians. Half the British army 
was lost, but AVashington, by his coolness and bravery, 
saved a part of it. It is said that Washington in this 
battle had two horses shot from under him, and that 
four balls passed through his clothing. One Indian 
shot at him fifteen times. 

In 1755, at about the time of Braddock's defeat, 
the English, under Johnson, 
defeated the French, under 
Dieskau, near Lake George. 
This caused great joy after 
%1^.. ^# the disaster at Fort Du- 

>. ,^ quesne. 

1756-1757. — In these two 
years very little was accom- 
plished. 

Sir William Johnson. 1715-1774 1758.— In 1757, the elder 

William Pitt became Prime Minister of England. He 
sent over fresh troops, and put new life into the war. 
The English gained several victories in 1758. 

A new expedition against Fort Duquesne was planned 
by Washington. With seven thousand troops he 
marched to the fort. The French commander, having 
only a small force, burned the fort and fled. The 
English rebuilt it and named it Fort Pitt. 




DEATH OF WOLFE AT QUEBEC 



93 




William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 

1708-1778 



Lord Jeffrey Amherst. 
1717-1778 



Louisburg was besieged by Gen. Amherst. After a 
hard struggle it was captured and the famous fort was 
destroyed. It was never recovered by the Frencli. 

Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, which commanded 
the commerce of Lake Ontario, was captured by the 
English under Bradstreet. 

1759. — All the struggles of this year ended in vic- 
tory for the English. They captured Ticonderoga, 
Niagara, and Quebec. 

Battle of Quebec. — The English under Wolfe be- 







.James Wolfe. 1727-1259 




Marquis de Montcalm, 1712-17o9 



94 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

sieged the city for nearly three months without suc- 
cess. The English had a large fleet and eight thousand 
land troops. The French had about the same number 
of soldiers commanded by Montcalm. Both generals 
were brave and skilful. The city consisted of an 
upper and a lower town. After easily destroying the 
lower town, the English general tried in vain to find a 
suitable point by which he might reach the heights. 
At length, he saw a sort of path whereby he thought 
he could take his men up the heights. In order to de- 
ceive the French he took his soldiers up the river in 
the day time. At night, he floated back with the 
tide. The men clambered up the steep bank, clinging 
to bushes and branches of trees. Next morning at 
dawn, the French saw the English on the Plains of 
Abraham, just outside the walls of Upper Quebec. A 
severe but decisive battle followed. Both commanders 
were mortally wounded, but the English won the day. 
Wolfe, when dying, was told that the French were 
running, and he said, " Now God be praised, I die in 
peace." 

Montcalm, as he lay dying, was told that he could 
not live more than twelve hours. "So much the 
better," said he, "I shall not live to see the surrender 
of Quebec." 

The city was given up to the English five days 
afterward,' Sept. 18, 1759. 

The fall of Quebec practically ended the war, though 
peace was not declared until 1763. 

The treaty of Paris. — The treaty of peace was 
signed at Paris in 1703. By the terms of the treaty: 



RESULTS 95 

(I) Spain gave Florida to England in exchange for 
Havana, which the English had occupied during the 
war; (2) France gave England all her territory east of 
the Mississippi except Miquelon and St, Pierre, two 
small islands south of Newfoundland ; (3) France gave 
Spain New Orleans and all her territory west of the 
Mississippi. 

This treaty gave the English the supremacy of the 
American continent. 

Pontiac's war. — The colonies did not immediately 
have peace. The western Indians hated the English 
and were angry at seeing the French forts occupied by 
British garrisons. In 176.3, Pontiac, chief of the 
Ottawas, formed a conspiracy and attacked eight 
forts. It became necessary to send a strong force 
against the Indians. This trouble lasted about a year. 

Results of the French and Indian war. — It cost 
$16,000,000, of which England paid 15,000,000. The 
Americans lost 30,000 men. The British gained con- 
trol of the country east of the Mississippi, including 
Florida, but they gave up all claim to land west of 
the Mississippi. Spain secured all the land west of 
the Mississippi. The French lost all except the two 
islands south of Newfoundland. This war put an 
end to the idea of a French empire in America. 

The colonists became skilled in the art of war, and 
became more united among themselves. 

In this war Washington, Montgomery, Stark, Arnold, 
Putnam, and others received the training which made 
them great commanders during the revolutionary war. 

The Albany convention (1754); Franklin's plan 




96 ATTHE END OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

of Union^ or the Albany plan. — About the begin- 
ning of the French and In- 
dian war a congress was 
called at Albany. Mary- 
land and the northern col- 
onies sent delegates. Rep- 
resentatives of the Iroquois 
Indians were present. The 
object of the meeting was; 
(1) to make a treaty with 
the Indians, and (2) to 
HENjAMiN fkankmn. 170(5-1790 form a colonial union for 
mutual assistance and protection. Franklin was then 
publishing the "Pennsylvania Gazette" in which he 
urged the importance of such a union. In the paper 
he printed a picture representing a snake cut in several 
pieces and the motto " Join or die " under the picture. 
As delegate from Pennsylvania, Franklin proposed 
that a confederation be formed to be governed by a 
president appointed by the king, and a council chosen 
by the colonial assemblies. The congress adopted the 
plan but it was rejected by the king and by the assem- 
blies in the various colonies. The king thought it 
gave too much power to the people and the colonists 
thought it gave too much power to the king. 
Condition of the Colonies in 1763 
The thirteen original colonies consisted of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Khode Island, and Con- 
necticut, in the New England group; New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, in the middle 
group; Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia, in the southern group. 



POPULATION, RELIGION, OCCUPATIONS 97 

Population. — The people numbered more than a 
million and a half, of whom 400,000 were slaves. 
Three-fourths of the slaves were living south of Mason 
and Dixon's line. At the North the slaves were em- 
ployed principally as house-servants, while in the South 
they worked on the plantations. 

In many of the colonies white people were " bound 
out" as indentured servants. 

Cities. — Philadelphia, Boston, New York, and 
Charleston were the largest cities. Philadelphia had 
about 25,000 inhabitants. 

Oovernment. — Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut had charter governments. Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, with Delaware, were proprietary. 
The others were royal provinces. All the colonies had 
legislative assemblies elected by the people. These 
assemblies helped to make the laws, subject to the 
approval of the governor, except in Rhode Island and 
Connecticut, where the governor's assent was not 
required. 

The laws of that time were severe, and capital 
punishment was inflicted for several offences. Affairs 
of private life, such as wages, matters of dress, 
attendance at church, etc., were regulated by law. 
For trifling offences people were placed in the stocks 
or pillory. 

Language^ religion. — Most of the colonists spoke 
the English language. Nearly all were Protestants. 
In Virginia and Maryland, the Church of England was 
the established church. In New England, nearly all 
the people were Congregationalists. Pennsylvania and 
Rhode Island furnished absolute freedom of worship. 



98 AT THE END OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

Occupations. — Farming was the chief occupation 
in most colonies. There were some manufactories in 
the North. New England built hundreds of ships 
and had a thriving commerce. 

Exports. — The North exported fish, lumber, furs, 
and iron. The South exported tobacco, rice, indigo, 
tar, and turpentine. 

The farmers led quiet but busy lives. They built 
their houses of logs or of roughly hewn timbers. 
Nearly all their food was produced on the farm. The 
cooking was done before the great fireplace or in the 
brick oven. The people dressed in homespun. 

In the cities there was a great deal of wealth. 
The houses were large and well-built. The rich mer- 
chants lived in luxury and entertained in great style. 
Gentlemen wore lace ruffles at their wrists, knee- 
breeches, white silk stockings, and shoes with silver 
buckles. They powdered their hair and tied it back 
with a black ribbon. The ladies also powdered their 
hair and wore rich and costly clothing. 

Travel. — People in the colonies made few journeys. 
When obliged to travel they generally went by water. 
If they went by land, the journey must be made on 
foot or on horseback, or in a clumsy coach which 
made not more than three miles an hour. 

Education. — Almost from the beginning, free 
schools were established in New England. In the 
middle colonies, there were many public schools, 
especially in Pennsylvania. At the South, it was more 
difficult to maintain schools because of the scattered 
population. The wealthy planters hired tutors or sent 



DRESS, EDUCATION 



99 



their sons to England to be educated. Some of the 
royal governors were opposed to the education of the 
common people. 

It was contrary to law and custom to teach the slaves. 
At the beginning of the revolution there were nine 
colleges in the colonies. The oldest are Harvard, at 
Cambridge, Mass., (163G); William and Mary at 
Williamsburg, Va.^ (1692) ; Yale at New Haven, Conn., 
(1700); Princeton at Princeton, N. J., (1746); Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, Penn., (1749); 
and King's (now Columbia) at New York city, (1754). 
Books. — The best American writers of that time 
were Benjamin Franklin and 
Eev. Jonathan Edwards. 
For many years Franklin 
published "Poor Kichard's 
Almanac". Scattered through 
the book were many maxims 
teaching thrift and self-reli- 
ance. Edwards wrote a re- 
ligious book, " On the Free- 
jonathankdwakds. 1708-1758 dom of the Will". This 
was his greatest work. 

Painters. — The earliest painters in the colonies 
were Copley and West. 

Newspapers. — The Boston News Letter, a weekly 
publication, was the first regular paper printed in the 
colonies (1690). 

The mails were carried on horse-back, and the 
postage on a letter was often as high as 25 cents. 




PKRIOD III 



Direct Causes 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1775-1783 

r Navigation Acts. 
Remote Causes } Effects of Inter-Colonial Wars. 

C Arbitrary conduct of King George IIL 

"Taxation without Representation.'* 

The Stamp Act, 1765. 

Tax on Tea, 1767. 

Mutiny Act, 1768. 

Boston Massacre, 1770. 

Writs of Assistance. 

The Boston Tea Party, 1773. 

The Boston Port Bill, 1774. 

The navigation acts were laws passed by the 
British Parliament at various times (1631, 1651, 1660, 
and 1663) which ordered that all the commerce of 
the colonies should be carried on in ships owned and 
manned by Englishmen, that tobacco and other exports 
of the colonies should be sent to England, and that 
the imports of the colonies should be purchased in 
England. The object was to make a market for Eng- 
lish goods and to increase the commerce of England. 
These laws created bitter feeling in America. 

Results of the French and Indian war.— Eng- 
land expected the colonies to pay the greater part of 

(100) 



STAMP act; tax on tea 101 

the large debt incurred by the French and Indian war. 
A feeling of resentment was the natural consequence. 
During this war the American people had been drawn 
more closely together and had gained skill and experi- 
ence in military affairs. 

The stamp act passed by Parliament in 1765 ordered 
that stamps, bought of the English government, 
should be put on all legal documents, newspapers, 
pamphlets, etc. Stamped paper was also provided on 
which these papers could be written or printed. The 
colonists seized the stamps and burned them in the 
streets. Public meetings were held and patriotic 
speeches were made by Samuel and John Adams, Pat- 
rick Henry, and James Otis. 

So much opposition was shown by the Americans 
that the Stamp act was repealed the next year. It 
had never been enforced. England still claimed the 
right to impose taxes upon the colonies. 

A tax on tea was placed by the British government, 
and on glass, paper, and paints. This money was to 
be used (1) to pay British soldiers sent over to Amer- 
ica, (2) to pay the king's officers in the colonies, and 
(3) to bribe Americans, if possible, to take sides with 
the king. The merchants throughout the colonies 
decided not to import these articles until the tax 
should be removed. Finally, the law was repealed 
except that part which related to tea. To maintain 
their right to tax the colonists, the British agreed to 
sell the tea at so low a price that, including the taxes, 
it could be bought for less money in America than in 
England. 

Ship-loads of tea were sent to various cities in 



102 REVOLUTIONARY AVAR 

America, not in the way of regular trade, but us a 
scheme to get the colonists to pay the tax after all. 
At Charleston, the tea was unloaded and stored in 
damp cellars where it soon spoiled. The tea-ships 
which went to New York and Philadelphia were sent 
back to England without being unloaded. The real 
test of principle came at Boston where three tea-ships 
had arrived. The citizens of Boston and neighboring 
towns were determined that the tea should not be 
landed. When they found that they could not have 
the ships sent back, a small company of citizens, dis- 
guised as Indians, went down to the harbor, boarded 
the ships, and threw three hundred and forty-two 
chests of tea, valued at 1100,000, into the water. 
This adventure was called the Boston Tea Party. 

To punish the people of Boston for destroying the 
tea and defying the British government, Parliament 
passed the Boston port bill, which ordered the closing 
of the port of Boston until the tea should be paid 
for. This stopped business and caused much distress 
in Boston. A second law made Gen. Gage military 
governor of Massacnusetts. 

Writs of assistance. — On account of heavy duties 
on imported goods smuggling had become very com- 
mon. About 1701, by authority of the king, search 
warrants, called writs of assistance, were issued. 
Supplied with one of these writs, an English officer 
could enter any man^s house and search for smuggled 
goods. Englishmen have always felt that " Every 
man's house is his castle". This sentiment was held 
in America, too, and the British officers were resisted 
whenever they tried to make a search. 



THE BOSTON MASSACRE 103 

The mutiny act, 1768. — Parliament ordered that 
British soldiers be sent to the American colonies to 
aid in the enforcement of the laws, and that the col- 
onists be required to furnish food and lodging for 
them. One purpose of the Stamp act was to provide 
money for the support of these soldiers. 

The Boston massacre, March 5, 1770. — The 

British soldiers had been in Boston a year and a half. 
Frequent quarrels took place between the soldiers and 
citizens. One day a fight occurred between a company 
of seven soldiers and a crowd of men and boys. Three 
citizens were killed and eight were wounded. Next day 
an immense mass meeting was held in the old South 
church and three thousand citizens demanded the re- 
moval of the soldiers. They were at once taken to an 
island in the harbor. 

This quarrel occurred in King street, now State 
street. The guards who had fired on the Americans 
were tried for murder, John Adams and James Otis 
defending them. All were acquitted but two, and 
those were convicted of manslaughter. The quarrel 
was provoked by men and boys, who never lost an 
opportunity to annoy the soldiers. 

The Boston Port bill was the order passed by Par- 
liament, in 1774, to close the port of Boston, to allow 
no ships to go out or come in. This was to punish 
Boston for destroying the tea. 

Sons of Liberty. — Secret societies were formed 
among the colonists to resist the unjust laws passed by 
England, particularly the Stamp act. These associa- 
tions were called " Sons of Liberty ". 



104 REVOLUTION A.RY WAR 

Minute men were American citizens who, in 1774, 
formed themselves into companies, ready, at a minute's 
notice, to take arms and defend the country against 
England. Massachusetts furnished 4,000 minute men. 

Whites and Tories. — As early as 1774, the people 
were divided into two political parties. Xot all Ameri- 
cans were on the side of liberty. The Whigs, or 
patriots, were those who resisted the unjust demands 
of the English government and sympathized with the 
American cause. The Tories favored the king and 
Parliament. 

The first continental congress met at Philadel- 
phia Sept. 5, 1774. It was composed of the most in- 
fluential men of the country. Every colony exoept 
Georgia sent delegates. They did not demand repre- 
sentation in Parliament but they did claim the right to 
levy taxes and make laws in the various colonial 
assemblies. (This was a declaration of their rights.) 
The congress sustained Massachusetts in her resistance 
to British injustice and sent a petition to the king. 
The spirit of the meeting was calm and respectful, but 
determined. 

^^ Taxation without represention."— The one 
great cause of the revolution was the attempt of the 
king and Parliament to tax the American people with- 
out allowing them to send representatives to Parlia- 
ment, to have a voice in making the laws by which 
they were to be governed. This was " Taxation with- 
out representation", which James Otis declared to be 
tyranny. 

Provincial congress. — After General Gage was 



■ 



THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON 105 

appointed governor of Massachusetts he dissolved the 
assembly. Except in the city of Boston, the people 
ignored his authority and formed a provincial govern- 
ment with John Hancock as governor. Committees of 
safety were appointed, under whose direction com- 
panies of minute men were formed and the people 
began to collect military stores at Concord and other 
places. 

Lexington and Concord. — In April, 1775, General 
Gage was ordered to arrest John Hancock and Samuel 
Adams on the charge of treason and send them to 
England for trial. The British had heard that the 
Americans had gathered military stores at Concord, 
twenty miles away. General Gage sent Major Pit- 
cairn with eight hundred men to destroy these stores, 
and instructed him to stop on the way and arrest John 
Hancock and Samuel Adams, who were then in Lex- 
ington. The expedition was planned with the greatest 
secrecy but the vigilant Americans found out the 
plans of the British, and Paul Revere rode otf through 
the country giving the warning at every farmhouse on 
the way. 

The British arrived in Lexington early on the morn- 
ing of April 19, 1775, and found a company of minute 
men drawn up on the common. Pitcairn ordered 
them to disperse and called them rebels. As they 
remained were they where, the British fired and killed 
seven men. This was the beginning of the revolution. 

The British moved on towards Concord, but by the 
time they arrived, the Americans had removed most 
of the stores. A sharp fight followed and the British 
began a retreat, but all the way back to Boston the 



lOG 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



Americans tired upon them from behind trees, or 
walls, or fences, wherever they found opportunity. 

The British lost 300 men and, if they had not 
received re-inforcements from Boston, it is probable 
that the whole force would have been destroyed. The 
American loss was 93 men. 

Effect of the battle of Lexington.— The news 
of this encounter spread with wonderful rapidity. 
From every part of the country men gathered to fol- 
low up the advantage gained. In a few days an army 
of 10,000 Americans had surrounded Boj^ton on the 
land side and had practically begun the seige of Boston, 

The second continental congress. — The second 
continental congress met at 
Philadelphia May 10, 1775, 
John Hancock presiding. 
This congress continued 
throughout the war. During 
the session of 1775, the con- 
gress sent a petition to the 
king, voted to raise an army 
of twenty thousand men, and 
m a d e George Washington 
commander-in-chief of tlie 
continental forces. The congress of 1775 alsu issued 
$2,000,000 in paper money, called continental currency. 

Captnre of Ticonderoga. — On May 10, 1775, the 

very day on which the second continental congress 
met, occurred the capture of Ticonderoga. The ex- 
pedition was led by Ethan Allen, who surprised and 
cai)tured the fort without firing a gun. Benedict 




GEOR(iE WASIllNCiTON, ITfti 1799 

Prksident, 1789-1797 



BATTLE OF BUIS^KER HILL 107 

Arnold accompanied Ethan Allen on this expedition. 
Two hundred and twenty cannon and large stores of 
ammunition were secured without the loss of a man. 
Crown Point was captured the next day. 

Battle of Bunker Hill.— In 1775, Generals Howe, 
Clinton, and Burgoyne came to Boston with additional 
troops, making the British force there about ten 
thousand. The Americans learned that General Gage 
intended to fortify Bunker Hill, in Charlestown, across 
the Charles river, and overlooking Boston. They 
determined to secure the position before the British 
could do so. 

Colonel Prescott, with about fifteen hundred men, 
marched from Cambridge to Bunker Hill. It was 
bright moonlight but the Americans worked so quietly 
that the British did not suspect what was going on. 
At daylight, the people in Boston were astonished to 
see the fortificatons that had gone up in a night. 

General Gage saw that he must drive the Americans 
from Bunker Hill lest they drive him out of Boston. 
With three thousand soldiers Howe crossed the river. 
The Americans, having only a small supply of powder, 
waited until the British were quite near before firing. 
They cut down whole lines of the enemy. The Brit- 
ish made a second attack with the same result. They 
were driven back twice. During the battle Charles- 
town was set on fir^, and under cover of the smoke the 
British officers rallied their men and made a third at- 
tack. This time they were successful. The Americans 
had no more ammunition and they were obliged to re- 
treat. The Americans lost 449, the British more than a 
thousand men. This battle was fought June 17, 1775. 



108 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

The effect of the battle of Kuiiker Hill.— The 

effect of this battle was like that of victory, because 
the untrained American soldiers had forced the British 
regulars to retreat. It gave the Americans great cour- 
age and disheartened the British. 

Washington took command of the continental 
army July 3, 1775, about two weeks after the battle 
of Bunker Hill. The ceremony took place at Cam- 
bridge, Mass., under an elm tree still standing and 
called the Washington elm. 

The condition of the army when Washington 
took command was very discouraging. There were 
about fourteen thousand men, poorly armed and 
without any military training. They had no uniforms 
and their clothing was insufficient. 

Attack on Quebec^ Dec. 31, 1775. — In the sum- 
mer of 1775, the Americans learned that the British 
were intending to come down from Canada to attack 
points in Xew York. To prevent this, congress sent 

Montgomery to attack Que- 
bec. Benedict Arnold and 
Daniel Morgan with 1,200 
men started to join Mont- 
gomery, going by way of the 
Kennebec river in Maine. 
This journey occupied nearly 
^^^ / two months and the men 

^^ ^'^_ ... w suffered the greatest hard- 

daniel Morgan, 1736-1802 ships. The two armies 
reached Quebec early in December, their united 
forces being about nine hundred men. The British 




THE BATTLE OF QUEBEC 109 

had about fifteen hundred. An unsuccessful assault 
was made Dec. 31, 1775. Montgomery was killed, 
Arnold was wounded, and Morgan was captured. 
The small remnant under Arnold continued the siege 
for several months, but in June, 1776, all the forces 
were withdrawn to Crown Point. 

The siege of Boston. Evacuation of the 
British. — Waiting for ammunition and guns, the 
Americans kept up the siege of Boston during the 
winter of 1775-G. In the spring General Knox suc- 
ceeded in getting to Cambridge forty or more of the 
guns captured at Ticonderoga the year before. On 
the night of March 4, 1776, Washington seized Dor- 
chester Heights and placed these cannon in position 
there. This gave the Americans a secure position. 
Only two courses remained to the British — to drive off 
the Americans or to give up the city of Boston. 

On the 17th of March, 1776, St. Patrick's Day, the 
whole British force with hundreds of Tories, sailed 
away to Halifax. The next day Washington entered 
Boston, but soon transferred his headquarters to New 
York city. 

Battle of Fort Moultrie.— On June 28, 1776, a 
British fleet attacked Fort Sullivan at Charleston, 
South Carolina. Gen. Clinton with land troops, at- 
tacked the fort in the rear. The Americans held the 
fort and kept up so vigorous a fire upon the fleet that 
they were obliged to withdraw. Clinton's troops 
also were forced to retreat. General Moultrie was in 
command of the Americans at the time of the attack. 
In his honor, the name of the fort was changed to 



110 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



Fort Moultrie. Charleston was not attacked again 
for two years. 

The Hessians were Germans, hired by England to 
fight the Americans. The Prince of Hesse-Cassel, 
and other petty (lerman princes, sold the services of 
twenty thousand Hessians to the king of England. 

Declaration of Independence. — Up to 1776, 
the Americans had been trying to obtain their rights 
as loyal British subjects. At this time it became 
evident tliat there was no hope of obtaining any fair 
treatment in England. 

In June, 1770, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
offered the following resolution in congress: " i^e- 
solved, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to 
be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from 
all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of 
Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." 
The resolution also urged the forming of foreign 
alliances and arranged for a plan of union for the 
colonies. 




John Adams, 1735-1826 

I'BKHIDENT, 1797-1801 



I'uoMAs .Jeffkuson, 1743-1H2H 
Prehident. 1801-1K09 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



111 




The motion was seconded by John Adams of Massa- 
chusetts, and was carried 
July 2, 1776. A committee, 
consisting of Thomas Jeffer- 
son, John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, Roger Sherman, 
and Robert R. Livingston was 
chosen to draw up a Declara- 
tion of Independence. It 
was written by Thomas Jef- 
RoBERT R. Livingston. 1745-1813 fersou. When it was read 
to the committee John Adams and Benjamin Franklin 
suggested one or two slight changes which were made. 
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence 
July 4, 1776. Its passage was celebrated by illumina- 
tions, ringing of bells, and shouts of joy. The thirteen 
colonies had become the United States of America. 
Campaign near New York. — The campaign of 
1776 was the first great campaign of the war. In 
April, Washington removed his headquarters to New 
York, where he expected the British to strike the 

next blow. This city was 
the military centre and if 
the British held it, they 
would be likely to gain con- 
I trol of the Hudson river also, 

thus cutting off Xew Eng- 
land from the other colonies. 
Washington built Forts 
Lee and Washington on op- 
posite sides of the Hudson 
and fortified Brooklyn 




SRAEL Putnam. 1718-1790 



112 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



Heights, where he stationed General Putnam with 
nine thousand soldiers, about half of his entire army. 




Admiral Ui 



Howe, 1725-1799 




Gen. William ho we. 1729-1814 



In June Howe arrived with a fleet and an army of 
thirty thousand men, making his headquarters on 
Staten Island. He saw at once that if he could take 
Brooklyn Heights he could drive the Americans out 
of New York, just as Washington had driven him out 
of Boston by holding Dorchester Heights. Accord- 
ingly he landed twenty thousand men on the southern 
shore of Long Island. Sullivan and Stirling with four 




.John Sullivan 
1740-1795 



William Alexandku. 
l^oui) Stihlino, 1725-1783 



thousand men went out to meet him. On August 27, 



BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND 113 

occurred what is known as the Battle of Long Island. 
About four hundred were killed on each side, and 
Sullivan and Stirling, with a thousand soldiers, were 
captured by the British. The remaining American 
forces retreated to the fort and Howe planned to be- 
siege them. If Howe had followed up his advantage, 
he might easily have captured the whole force. He 
waited two days for the ships to come up and assist him. 
In the mean time Washington, who had crossed over 
to Fort Putnam with reinforcements, decided that to 
retreat was the only means of saving his army. The 
second night after the battle of Long Island, he 
secured as many boats as possible and took the whole 
force over to New York in safety. A dense fog pro- 
tected his movements during this remarkable escape. 

The result of the battle of Long Island was to 
give the British possession of a strong military centre 
which they lield throughout the war. 

Americans evacuate New York.— Sept. 18, 1776, 
Howe entered Xew York and on the same day Wash- 
ington completed the removal of the American army 
from the city. (Learn the story of Nathan Hale.) 

Washington took position at Harlem Heights, where 
Howe tried to attack him in the rear. Washington 
then removed to White Plains. Here a part of his 
army was defeated and he retired to North Castle, 
which was well fortified. Howe refused to follow him 
further, and sent a detachment of Hessians to capture 
Fort Washington, a plan of which he had received 
from a deserter. With the fort, the British captured 
3,000 Americans. Meanwhile the Americans had forti- 
fied West Point, in order to prevent the British from 
going up to Albany. 

W^ashington crossed to the west bank of the Hud- 




114 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

son, leaving Charles Lee in 
command at Xorth Castle. 
Finding the force under 
Cornwallis stronger than his 
own, Washington ordered 
Lee to join him. This Lee 
refused to do, and the result 
of his disobedience was the 
flight of the x\merican arm}? 
c,iarle7lee. 1731-1782 through New Jersey. 
Retreat through New Jersey. — After the fall of 
Port Washington, the Americans abandoned Fort Lee. 
Washington then began his famous retreat across New 
Jersey, hoping to save his army and to prevent the 
capture of Philadelphia by the British. Cornwallis 
with six thousand men pursued him. Washington 
broke down bridges, destroyed provisions which might 
fall into the hands of the British, and did all he could 
to delay the enemy. It took nearly three weeks, from 
Nov. 19 to Dec. 8, to make this retreat of about 
seventy miles. Finding he could not hold New Jer- 
sey, Washington seized every boat for about a hundred 
miles up and down the river, and took his army safely 
across the Delaware just above Trenton. When the 
British reached the river and found no means of cross- 
ing they decided to wait until the river should be 
frozen over. Cornwallis returned to New York, leav- 
ing his main army at Princeton and an advance force 
of a thousand Hessians at Trenton. 

I^arly in December, Charles Lee took his army down 
into New Jersey. While outside his lines, he was cap- 
tured by the British. The command then fell upon 
General Sullivan, who at once marched to join Wash- 
ington in Pennsylvania. At this time, Washington 
had only f),()0() men fit for duty. 



BxVTTLE OF TRENTON 115 

Battle of Trenton.— Dec. 25, 1776, Washington, 
with twenty-five hundred men re-crossed the Delaware 
which was full of floating ice. After a march of nine 
miles, in a furious snow storm, he attacked and sur- 
prised the Hessians at Trenton. The whole force was 
captured and Rahl, the German commander, was killed, 
while the Americans lost only four men. By Dec. 31, 
Washington had brought his whole army back to New 
Jersey. 

The effect of the battle of Trenton.— The effect 
of the battle of Trenton was w^onderful. It gave new 
courage to the disheartened American patriots and 
entirely changed the plans of the British. 

Fearing an attack upon Philadelphia, congress ad- 
journed for a short time to Baltimore. The congress 
of 1776 made the Declaration of Independence, sent 
a committee to France, and appointed a committee to 
prepare Articles of Confederation. The issue of con- 
tinental currency was continued. 

The two great needs of the country were money to 
carry on the war, and a central authority to direct the war. 

Robert Morris. — Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, 

was a banker and a firm 
friend of Washington. At 
the close of 1776, Washing- 
ton wrote to Morris asking 
|HH^ I him to send to headquarters 

^^■^^^ I as much money as possible 

^■■^^^ / in hard cash. Robert Mor- 

^^^^^^p ris went from house to house 

^^^^^^MjW^ among his friends, asking 

^^^^^^^ them to loan money to the 

Robert Morris, i734-is(w government. Jan. 1, 1777, 



116 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

he sent Washington ISO, 000. This was as good as 
another victory. New recruits were obtained, and 
many whose term of enlistment had expired, re- 
enlisted. 

Battle of Princeton, 1777.— Jan. 3, 1777, Wash- 
ington's camp was at Trenton. Cornwallis rejoined 
his army at Princeton and, with a large force, moved 
down to attack AVashington. Late in the day, January 
2, he reached Trenton. Cornwallis felt sure that 
Washington could not escape and deferred the attack 
until morning. 

Meanwhile Washington made a pretence of strength- 
ening his fortifications and kept his camp-fires burning 
brightly. During the night, however, he marched his 
army around behind the British camp, and, by country 
roads, reached Princeton, ten miles away. He sur- 
prised and defeated the British there, took several 
hundred prisoners, and escaped to Morristown Heights 
where he made his winter quarters. Cornwallis heard 
the noise of battle and hurried on to Princetown, but 
he was too late. The British had supplies at New 
Brunswick, N. J., and to that place Cornwallis took 
his army. 

Thus ended the campaign near New York, which 
opened with a series of disasters and great suffering 
for the patriots, and now ended with two brilliant 
victories. The only real advantage gained by the 
British was the capture of New York city. 

Washington spent the winter of 177G-1777 at Mor- 
ristown Heights trying to organize an army of men 
who should serve during the war. Congress called 
for new enlistments. 



BATTLES OF PRIJ^CETON AND BRAISTDYWINE 117 

Pennsylvania campaign, 1777. Washington at 
Morristown, and Howe at New York. — June 12, 
1777, Howe took 18,000 men into New Jersey and 
inarched toward Philadelphia. Washington knew that 
his own army was not strong enough to risk a battle 
with the British, but, by delaying and annoying 
Howe, he caused that general to waste about three 
weeks. June 30, Howe returned to Staten Island in 
disgust. 

In July, Howe started again to attack Philadelphia, 
going this time by sea. He could not go by the Dela- 
ware river, on account of Forts Mercer and Mifflin, 
which defended the city, so he went around by Chesa- 
peake Bay and landed his men at Elkton. 

Battle of Brandywine.— Sept. 11, 1777, Washing- 
ton met Howe at Chad's Ford on the Brandywine, and 

tried to stop his advance. 

^^«*'-, . ^ In this battle Lafayette and 

^ Pulaski aided the Ameri- 

^^k , cans, and all showed the 

< ' ^J ^ ' ' g^^^t^s^ bravery, but the 

1 ^1 British compelled them to 

^-^^^ retreat. Washington blocked 

JmL^^^B^k^. , Howe's way continually, so 

^^'M^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ took him two weeks 

^^^J^^^ to reach Philadelphia, 

Marquis de Lafayette. 1757-1834 tweuty-six mileS distant. 

Philadelphia was taken Sept. 26, 1777. 

Meanwhile Congress removed to Lancaster and later 
to York, Pennsylvania. 

Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777. — Howe 
left a small force at Germantown, six miles from 



118 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

Philadelphia, and proceeded to destroy the forts on 
the Delaware, which prevented his bringing supplies 
up the river. While he was away, Washington attacked 
the British at Germantown. At first the Americans 
were successful, but a thick fog caused confusion, and 
the Americans retreated. 

Howe bombarded Forts Mercer and Mifflin, and the 
Americans evacuated. 

Winter of 1777-1778. — Washington went into 
winter quarters at Valley Forge on the Schuylkill, 
twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia. 

Biirgoyne's invasion^ 1777. — For the summer of 
1777, the British planned a 
campaign by which they ex- 
pected to get control of New 
York and the Hudson river. 
Burgoyne was to invade 
New York from the north, 
by way of Lake Champlain, 
capture Ticonderoga, and 
descend the Hudson to Al- 
bany. St. Leger was to take 

.K.MN iuk..c,vne. 17--1792 .^ gj^j^jj f^^^^ ^y Way of the 

St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, land at Oswego, march 
through the Mohawk valley, capture Fort Stanwix, 
and join Burgoyne. Howe was to send a large portion 
of his army up the Hudson, capture the forts on the 
Highlands, and proceed to Albany. 

In June, 1777, Burgoyne left Canada with ten thous- 
and men, including many Indians. General Schuyler 
was in command of the American army in northern 




BATTLE OE BENNINGTOK 



119 



^ew York. July 5, the British captured Fort Ticon- 
deroga, and July 31, the Americans evacuated Fort 
Edward, retreating to Bemis Heights, or Stillwater, 
twenty miles above Albany. During this retreat, 
Schuyler felled trees across the road, destroyed forty 
bridges, and did all he could to delay Burgoyne, so 




^^' 



\ 




Philip Schuyler, 1733-1804 Horatio Gates, 1728-1806 

that his progress was often only one mile a day. 
Schuyler was blamed for the American losses and was 
superseded by General Gates. 

Battle of Beiiniiigtoii^ Aug. 16, 1777.— Bur- 
goyne found the greatest 
difficulty in procuring horses 
and supplies for his army. 
Hearing that the Americans 
had supplies at Bennington 
he sent Colonel Baum, with 
a thousand Hessians and In- 
dians, to capture the town 
and bring the supplies to 
Albany. General Stark and 
his men met the enemy and 




John Stark, 1728-1822 



120 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

captured six hundred prisoners. Less than a hundred 

escaped. 

Battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6, 1777.— St. Leger 
besieged Fort Stanwix (now Rome). At that time, it 
was the most western settlement in New York. About 
eight hundred men under General Herkimer were 





Haruy St. Leueii, 1737-1789 Nicholas Herkimek, 1715-1777 

marching to relieve the fort when they encountered 
an ambush at Oriskany, a few miles from the Fort. A 
terrible hand-to-hand fight occurred and General Her- 
kimer was mortally wounded, but he held his ground 
and the enemy retreated. 

Flight of St. Leger, Aug. 22, 1777.— St. Leger 
continued the siege. Meanwhile Benedict Arnold with 
eight hundred men was marching to the relief of Fort 
Stanwix. This he accomplished by stratagem. A 
half-witted Tory boy who had been taken prisoner was 
promised his fredom if he would make the British 
believe that a large force of American soldiers was 
close at hand. The boy ran, breathless and excited, 
to the British camp, told of a narrow escape, and 
represented that Americans, as numerous as leaves on 



BATTLES OF OKISKANY AND SARATOGA 121 

the trees, were fast approaching. The British and In- 
dians fled in haste, leaving tents and artillery behind, 
when Arnold was still twenty miles away. During 
the siege the new flag of the United States had floated 
over the fort. 

The Oswego expedition failed to accomplish anything 
for the British. jS'ew recruits joined the American 
army until General Gates had a force of ten thousand 
men eager to meet the enemy. 

The battle of Bemis Heights, or the first bat- 
tle of Saratoga, Sept. 19, 1777.— Burgoyne at- 
tacked the Americans at Bemis Heights. The battle 
began at ten o'clock in the morning and continued 
until night, with success first on one side and then on 
the other. Both sides withdrew to their fortifications, 
each claiming the victory. Arnold and Gates quar- 
relled, and Arnold gave up his commission. 

Second battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777.— For 
two weeks both armies waited, each watching for some 
advantage over the other. In the British camp were 
hundreds of sick and wounded, their provisions were 
getting low, and the expected help from New York 
did not arrive. Under these circumstances, with 
matters getting worse each day, Burgoyne again 
attacked the Americans. A fierce battle was fought, 
in which Arnold rushed to the front and took com- 
mand. Gates remaining in "his tent. Arnold was 
wounded just as the battle was won. Burgoyne re- 
treated to Saratoga, where he was soon completely sur- 
rounded by the American army. 

Surrender of Burgoyne.— Oct. 17, 1777, Bur- 



122 



REVOLUTIONARY WAK 



goyne's entire army, about 6,000 men, laid down their 
arms, and General Burgoyne delivered his sword to 
General Gates. 

Burgoyne's surrender marked the turning point in 
the war. The Americans were greatly encouraged. 
The British plans for the war were completely broken 
up. The French made an alliance with America. 

Noted foreigners. — During 1776 and 1777, several 





Thadeus Koscii'sKO. 1746-1817 Baron Steikkn, 1730-1794 

distinguished foreigners came to America and received 
commissions in the continental army. Kosciusko and 
Pulaski came early in 1775. Lafayette and DeKalb 
came in the spring of 1777. Baron Steuben came in 
December, 1777. Kosciusko had charge of the de- 
fences at Saratoga. 

Tlie Conway cabal was a secret conspiracy against 
Washington. Many Americans did not appreciate 
Washington's work in Pennsylvania in J 777, and 
blamed him for the loss of Philadelphia. Gates had 
received the credit of Burgoyne's surrender. General 
Conway and other disaffected officers of the American 



ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE 



123 



army tried to bring about the removal of Washington, 
hoping to see General Gates put in his place. 

The winter in Yalley Forge has been called the 
darkest period of the war. Washington and his army 
were in most discouraging circumstances. The weather 
was unusually severe and supplies of food and clothing 
could not be procured. The continental currency was 
worthless and congress had no other money. Wash- 
ington's enemies were plotting his downfall. 

Early in December, 1777, Baron Steuben arrived in 
America and spent the winter in drilling the soldiers 
at Valley Forge. 

1778. Alliance with France, February.— 
Through the efforts of Franklin, a treaty between France 
and the United States was signed early in 1778. By this 
treaty France acknowledged the independence of the 
United States and pledged assistance. During the 
war, France loaned us money, furnished military sup- 
plies, sent us soldiers under Rochambeau, and fleets 
under d'Estaing and De Grasse. Before the treaty 





CoMTE DE Rochambeau, 1725-1807 



COMTE D'l^^STAlKG, 1729-1794 



had been signed considerable secret assistance had 
been given by France. 



124 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



Results of the alliance. — The English govern- 
ment repealed some of its obnoxious laws and sent com- 
missioners to this country to offer the colonies all that 
they had asked for, except independence. Clinton 
received orders to leave Philadelphia and concentrate 
his troops at Xew York. 

Evacuation of Philadelphia. — While the British 
occupied Philadelphia Gen- 
eral Howe was superseded by 
Sir Henry Clinton. The 
British were afraid that the 
French fleet, which had ar- 
rived in America, would 
blockade the Delaware river. 
For this reason, they decided 
to retire from Philadelphia. 
Washington re-entered the 
city June 18 and soon after 
congress returned to Philadelphia. After its evacua- 
tion by the British, the city was placed under command 
of Arnold. 

Battle of Monmouth^ June 2H, 1778.— In June, 
1778, 15,000 British troops started overland for New 
York, followed by AVashington with about the same 
number. The Americans came up with the British at 
Monmouth June 28. General Charles Lee had received 
orders to commence the attack. By disobedience, he 
nearly lost the battle. The Americans were retreating 
when Washington rode up, reproved Lee, turned the 
men back, and repulsed the British. The battle lasted 
until night when the British stole off to New York. 
(Learn the story of Mollie Pitcher). General Lee was 




BATTLE OF MONMOUTH 125 

dismissed from the service (see page 114). Evidence 
of his disloyalty to the American cause has been found 
in correspondence recently made public. 

Monmouth was the last important battle fought in 
the North during the revolution, Washington now 
made his headquarters at Morristown and, extending 
his lines as far as the Hudson, watched every move- 
ment of the British in New York. 

Raids; marauding expeditions. — During the 
summer and fall of 1778, tories and Indians entered 
the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, and Cherry 
Valley in New York. In many villages all the able- 
bodied men had joined the American army, leaving at 
home only the old men, women, and children. The 
invaders burned the houses, destroyed crops, and 
massacred the inhabitants. 

Capture of Savannah, Dec. 29, 1778.— Disap- 
pointed in all their plans at the North, the British 
decided to begin at Georgia and work northward, 
hoping to keep at least the southern colonies. With 
a greatly superior force, they attacked and captured 
Savannah Dec. 29, 1778. 

1779. — The British captured Augusta and soon had 
control of the whole State of Georgia. During the 
year 1779, but little was accomplished on either side. 
Tories and Indians continued their raids at various 
places along the frontier. 

Sullivan's expedition. — During the summer of 
1779, Gen. Sullivan was sent to lay waste the Genesee 
Valley, in retaliation for the massacres in the Wyoming 
and Cherry Valleys the year before. Sullivan burned 
forty Indian villages and destroyed their harvest fields. 




126 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

Stony Point. — In June, 1779, the British captured 
Stony Point on the Hudson. 
In July, General Wayne, 
called "Mad Anthony", 
for his reckless bravery, sur- 
prised and captured the fort 
at the point of the bayonet. 
Six hundred prisoners were 
captured. 

Tryon's raids in Con- 
necticut. — During the sum- 
ANTHONY WAYNE, 1745-1796 jner of 1779, at Clinton's 
orders, the British made raids into Connecticut, and 
burned several towns. This was done to draw a part 
of Washington's army from their position near New 
York city. 

Attack on Augusta. Siege of Savannah, 1779. 
— Washington sent General Lincoln to command the 
troops at the South. He made an unsuccessful 
attempt to re-capture Augusta. 

In Sept., 1779, Lincoln, assisted by the French un- 
der d'Estaing, besieged Savannah. After a siege of 
two weeks, an assault was made (Oct. 9) in which the 
Americans were defeated with the loss of a thousand 
men. Count Pulaski was mortally wounded, and 
Sergeant Jasper was killed. (Learn the story of 
Sergeant Jasper in 1776.) 

Clark's campaign. — The British held the land be- 
tween the Ohio river and the Great Lakes. Colonel 
Hamilton, in command at Detroit, incited and encour- 
aged the Indians to drive out American settlers and to 
make attacks along the frontier. Patrick Henry, gov- 



1 



NAVAL EXPLOITS OF JOHN PAUL JONES 127 

ernor of Virginia, sent Colonel Clark with a company 
of two hundred men to subdue the Indians. In two 
vigorous campaigns, 1778 and 1779, several important 
places were captured and the whole section was claimed 
for Virginia. These campaigns gave the Americans a 
territory which was of the greatest value after the war. 
Naval exploits. — As early as 1775, the Americans 
fitted out several vessels to coast about New England 
as privateers, vessels fitted out at private expense, and 
commissioned by the government, to prey upon the 
commerce of the enemy. During the revolution, more 
than eight hundred British vessels, including one hun- 
dred and two war ships, were taken by American priva- 
teers and the little American navy. 

Captain Paul Jones, the greatest naval hero of the 
revolution, secured a fleet 
.^d^ lilihii ^^^ coasted about the Brit- 

ish Isles. In 1778, he de- 
stroyed several vessels, set fire 
to the ships in an English 
port, and escaped safely to 
France. In September, 1779, 
he attacked two British war- 
ships in the North sea, both 
of which he captured after 
JOHN PAHL JONES, 1747-1792 ^ g^^g^^ engagement. 

Inactivity of British and American armies in 

1779. — For two years after the capture of Stony 
Point by Anthony Wayne, very little was accomplished. 
There were various reasons for this inactivity. Eng- 
land was at war with France and Spain, there was 
trouble with Holland, and the French fleet threatened 




128 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

the West Indies. Many soldiers who might otherwise 
have been sent to America were required for the de- 
fense of distant British colonies. 

The x\mericans were still very weak m resources. 
The Articles of Confederation had not been ratified, 
and there was but little power to enlist soldiers or levy 
taxes. Congress could furnish no money but the con- 
tinental currency, which was almost worthless. 

1780. Siege of Charleston, South Carolina.— 
In April, 1780, the British began the siege of Charles- 
ton, Lincoln's headquarters. On May 12, after a 
siege of forty days, Lincoln and his army of five 
thousand men surrendered. 

Clinton, who had taken part in the siege, returned 
to New York, leaving Cornwallis with seven thousand 
men to continue the war at the South. Cornwallis 
sent marauding expeditions over the whole State. 

Battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780.— After the 
capture of Lincoln's army, another force of two thous- 
and men, commanded by Gates, was sent to South 
Carolina. Cornwallis held an important position at 
Camden. In a battle at that place, Aug. 16, 1780, the 
American army was nearly destroyed. DeKalb was 
mortally wounded. Gates showed great cowardice, 
and the remnant of his army was so scattered that it 
could not be gathered together. 

Partisan corps. — After the surrender of Lincoln 
and the defeat at Camden, there was for a while no 
organized American army at the South. There was a 
good deal of fighting, however, by the partisan corps, 
bands of patriots, gathered together by Marion, Sum- 
ter, Pickens, and Lee. 

These men met wherever they could and made raids 



TREASON OF BENEDICT ARNOLD 



129 



upon the British, rescuing prisoners, capturing sup- 
plies, and sometimes attacking British garrisons. 
Through the efforts of these brave men, the British 
were held in check and finally driven out of the South. 

Arnold's treason. Discovered in Sept., 1780. 

— One of the saddest events of the revolution was the 
treason of Benedict Arnold, an officer who had, early 
in the war, shown himself both brave and skilful. 
When the British evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, 
Arnold still suffering from a 
wound, received at Saratoga, 
was placed in command of 
that city. There he mar- 
ried a tory lady, led a life of 
extravagance and luxury, 
and, by his conduct, became 
very unpopular with the 
Americans. Reproved by 
Washington, he grew bitter 
and resentful, and planned 
At his own request, he was placed in 
command of West Point, 
then the most important 
position held by the Ameri- 
can army. He opened cor- 
respondence with Clinton 
for the betrayal of West 
Point to the British. Sept. 
21, 1780, Andre, the British 
agent in the transaction, 
held a secret conference with 
JOHN ANDRE, 1751-1780 Arnold at West Point. Re- 




Benedict Arnold. 1741-1801 



to take revenge. 




CAPTURE OF MAJOR AKDRE 131 

turning to New York he was stopped at Tarrytown 
by three militiamen (Paulding, Williams, and Van 
Wirt). On his person they found Arnold's written 
plans for giving up West Point. Andre was tried by 
court-martial and, on Oct. 2, was hanged as a spy. 
Arnold escaped to the British lines, where he received 
$30,000 and a commission in the British army. He 
died in London, in 1801, despised by everybody. 

Battle of King's mountain^ Oct. 7^ 1780.— By 

the summer of 17!^0, the British were in possession of 
Georgia and South Carolina. In September, Major 
Ferguson, with a force of 1,100 men, was sent to cap- 
ture a body of patriots in the western part of South 
Carolina. An independent band of 1,000 American 
riflemen attacked Ferguson, who had taken position 
at King's mountain. The Americans were repulsed 
three times, but, in a fourth assault, they killed or 
captured the whole British force. The battle lasted 
one hour. 

This first British repulse in the South seriously 
crippled Cornwallis and gave the Americans time to 
rally for further service. 

French soldiers.— In July, 1780, 6,000 French 
soldiers, under Rochambeau, landed on Rhode Island. 

Washington's winter quarters, 1780-1781, were 
at Morristown, where the soldiers experienced the 
same hardships as at Valley Forge. 

Ueneral Greene's campaign in the South. — In 

December, 1780, General Greene had taken command at 
the South. He had about two thousand men, of whom 
only eight hundred were fit for duty. Greene divided 




132 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

this little army into two parts. One division, co- 
operating with Marion, was 
to get between Cornwallis 
and the coast; the other, 
under General Morgan, was 
to threaten Augusta and 
Ninety-Six, towards the 
west. 

Battle of Cowpens, Jan. 

17, 1781.— Cornwallis di- 

natuanial , 1742-1786 vidcd his army and sent 

General Tarleton with 1,100 men against Morgan. At 
Cowpens, near King's mountain, a battle was fought in 
which the Americans, with 900 men defeated Tarleton, 
who lost more than two-thirds of his army, while the 
Americans lost about 75 men. 

This battle, like the battle of King's mountain, 
greatly crippled Cornwallis. 

Greene's retreat to Yirginia, Feb., 1781. — After 
the Battle of Cowpens, Morgan rejoined Greene. The 
Americans were too weak to risk a battle with Corn- 
wallis and decided to retreat across North Carolina to 
Virginia. Cornwallis perceived Greene's plan and 
hoped by rapid marches to cut off the retreat. A race 
for the Dan river followed, and the Americans won. 

Battle of Guilford Court House (Greensboro), 
March 15, 1781. — Having rested his men and received 
re-inforcements in Virginia, Greene re-crossed the river 
and fought a battle at Guilford Court House, March 
15, 1781. The British defeated the Americans, but 
Cornwallis lost one-third of his men. 

With an exhausted army, two hundred miles from 



I 



greei^te's campaign in the south 133 

his base of supplies, Cornwallis could not follow 
Greene, and retreated to Wilmington where he had a 
small quantity of stores. 

To the surprise of Cornwallis, Greene now moved 
to South Carolina, where he had several engagements 
with the British who had been left there. 

Hobkirk's Hill, April 25, 1781.— At Hobkirk's 
Hill, two miles north of Camden, Greene attacked 
Lord Rawdon's army. The British won the battle, 
but as a part of Greene's force could cut their com- 
munication with Charleston Lord Rawdon decided to 
retreat, and the Americans entered Camden May 10, 
1781. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8, 1781.— The 
last obstinate battle of Greene's campaign in the 
South was fought at Eataw Springs, Sept. 8, 1781. 
Both sides claimed the victory, but the British soon 
retreated to Charleston. 

This campaign lasted about nine months. By the 
help of the partisan leaders, Greene had practically 
regained the Carolinas. The cities of Savannah and 
Charleston were however still held by the British. 

Greene never gained a victory in the South, but, like 
Washington in Pennsylvania, he worried and exhausted 
the enemy and made it impossible for Cornwallis to 
have an open battle. 

In a letter to Washington, Greene once wrote: " We 
fight, get beat, and fight again." 

Arnold and Cornwallis in Virginia. — During 
Greene's campaign in the South, Benedict Arnold had 
set fire to Richmond and destroyed much property in 
that vicinity. 



134 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

Early in May, 1781, Cornwallis moved his army to 
Petersburg and took command of the British forces in 
Virginia. Arnold was sent to New York, but Corn- 
wallis continued the plundering and marauding expe- 
ditions. More than $15,000,000 worth of property 
was destroyed there during May and June. Lafayette, 
with three thousand men, was at Richmond. For 
several weeks Cornwallis tried to force him into battle. 
Then Lafayette, reinforced by Wayne and Steuben, 
turned the tables and forced Cornwallis to retreat to- 
wards the coast. 

In July, Cornwallis entered and fortified Yorktown, 
having about seven thousand men in his command. 
From this position, he thought he could easily trans- 
port his men to New York, if necessary, or secure help 
for himself from outside. 

Washington's plans. — Washington's original plan 
had been to call the French fleet to New York and 
make a combined land and naval attack upon that 
city. DeGrasse objected to this plan and sent word 
to Washington that the fleet would go to Chesapeake 
Bay. Then Washington decided to strike Cornwallis 
at Yorktown, instead of Clinton at New York. 

In August, Washington moved Rochambeau's army 
from Newport, across Connecticut, to the Hudson river. 

Leaving four thousand men under Heath at West 
Point, on August 19, 1781, AVashington marched 
southward with 6,000 French and American soldiers. 

When the men reached Philadelphia, they demanded 
pay. Again Robert Morris proved to be the "friend 
in need ". He borrowed $20,000 for Washington, and, 



SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN 135 

at the same time, the French government sent 1500,000 
to Boston. 

Clinton faily expected an attack upon Xew York 
city, but by the time the Americans had reached Phila- 
delphia he understood their plans and knew it was too 
late to save Cornwallis. However, Clinton's ships 
made an unsuccessful attack on the fleet in Chesapeake 
Bay, and then withdrew. Arnold was sent to Con- 
necticut, where he finished his military career in 
America by burning New London, an act of disgrace- 
ful and useless cruelty. 

Siege of Yorktown.— After Washington joined 
Lafayette, their united forces numbered 9,000 Ameri- 
cans and 7,000 French. The French fleet occupied 
Chesapeake Bay and cut off Cornwallis from help or 
escape in that direction. 

The siege began Sept. 30, 1781, and lasted about 
three weeks. 

Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781. — Com- 
pletely shut in between a 
hostile fleet and a hostile 
army, and with half his men 
sick or wounded, Cornwallis 
saw no hope of escape, and, 
on Oct. 19, 1781, surrendered 
his entire army, just four 
years after the surrender of 
Burgoyne at Saratoga. 
Charles. maI^s l'orwallis The army was drawn up in 
two columns, the French on 
one side and the Americans on the other. Seven 
thousand British soldiers marched between these lines 





136 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

and laid down their arms. Cornwallis pretended to be 
sick and sent his sword by General O'Hara. 
Results of the surrender of Cornwallis. — The 

whole country was filled with 
joy. When the news was 
carried to Philadelphia, con- 
gress met and marched in a 
body to church to give 
thanks. The British gave 
up all hope of subduing 
America. At the opening of 
Parliament in 1782, the king, 
GEORGE 111.. 1738-1820 GeoYge III., announced that 

Reigned 1760-1820 he was ready to acknowledge 

the independence of the United States. 

The surrender of Cornwallis practically ended the 
war, though fighting on the frontier continued for 
some time. 

Washington at Newburgh. — After the surrender 
of Cornwallis, Washington returned to the Hudson 
and made his headquarters at Newburgh. On April 
19, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexing- 
ton, Washington issued a proclamation, declaring the 
war of the revolution at an end. 

Treaty of peace, Paris, 1783.— A final treaty of 
peace between great Britain and the United States was 
signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. (1) Great Britain ac- 
knowledged the independence of the United States. 
(2) The boundaries of the United States on the north 
and east were made the same as at present; on the 
south as far as the northern boundary of Florida; on 
the west they extended to the Mississippi. (3) Free 



THE TREATY OF PARIS 137 

navigaion of the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and 
an interest in the fisheries of IS^ewfoundland, were given 
to the United States. (4) England retained Canada 
and the control of the St. Lawrence. (5) England 
gave Florida to Spain. (6) The English demanded 
that compensation be given to the Tories for their 
losses during the war. 

At this time, our commissioners, Franklin, Jay, and 
Adams, won a great diplo- 
matic victory. Through the 
efforts of George Eogers 
Clark, in 1778 and 1779, the 
Americans had conquered 
and settled the land west of 
the Alleghanies and north of 
the Ohio. In deciding the 
terms of the treaty, at Paris, 
both the French and the 
John Jay, 1745-1829 English thought the Ameri- 

cans should give up this land to the English. Our 
commissioners refused consent to this demand, and 
our western boundary was made to extend to the 
Mississippi. 

Cost of the war. — England lost 50,000 men and 
spent 1610,000,000. The United States lost 40,000 
men and spent about 1135,000,000. 

After the treaty of Paris, the army was disbanded 
and Washington returned to Mount Vernon. 

The condition of the country at the close of 
the revolution. — The British held Charleston for 
more than a year, and New York and Savannah for 




138 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

about two years, after the surrender of Cornwallis. 
British garrisons remained in northern and western 
posts until the summer of 1796. The British justified 
their course in this matter by claiming that the Ameri- 
cans had not kept their treaty obligations in regard to 
debts due Tories and British merchants. Our com- 
missioners at Paris had agreed to urge the States to 
discharge these obligations. 

During the war our commerce had been nearly de- 
stroyed, and all kinds of business had been neglected. 
The American army was in some cases in open rebel- 
lion. The treasury was empty, and most of the 
soldiers had received no pay for months. 

Articles of confederation, — In 1776, the conti- 
nental congress appointed a committee to prepare 
articles of confederation, or a constitution, for the 
general government of the thirteen States. Although 
they were adopted by congress in 1777, the articles of 
confederation had not been ratified by all of the 
States until 1781, near the close of the revolution. 

Seven of the States claimed title to western lands. 
Xew Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland refused to sign 
the articles of confederation until these States should 
give up these lands to the general government. This 
was not done until March 1, 1781, when the confedera- 
tion was completed. 

Some of the provisions of the articles of confedera- 
tion were as follows: (1) A firm league of friendship 
was established between the States. (2) Each State 
was to have one vote in congress, regardless of the 
number of representatives it might send. (3) Con- 
gress was given power to declare war and to make 



THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION" 139 

treaties. (4) Matters relating to commerce, taxes, 
and revenue were left to the several States. 

When put in force, the articles of confederation 
were found to be weak and inefficient. The States, 
distrustful of congress, kept the power in their own 
hands. Congress could borrow money, declare war, 
make peace, and negotiate treaties, but it could not 
enforce any law nor compel any State to levy taxes. 
There was no head, no central power in the govern- 
ment, and this was a fatal weakness. 

Shays's relbellion occurred in Massachusetts in 
1786. The people, particularly the farmers, were very 
poor and were greatly in debt. There was no money 
and they could not sell their produce. Many debtors 
were sued and imprisoned. At last Daniel Shays, who 
had been a captain in the continental army, at the 
head of two thousand angry farmers, marched to 
Springfield and Worcester, surrounded the court 
houses, and put a stop to law suits for debt. The 
rebellion was put down by the militia and Shays fled 
to New Hampshire. 

This event caused great anxiety, because the same 
distressing conditions existed in other States and might 
be followed by similar disturbances. 

Critical period of American history. — The time 
between 1783 and 1789 has been called the critical 
period of American history. We had no practical 
government, no army, and no general organization. 
The country was deeply in debt, and there was no 
money to keep us from bankruptcy. Our commerce 
had been nearly destroyed. The States were jealous 



140 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

of one another, and quarrelled over the ownership of 
land and over commercial affairs. 

The Tories, or Loyalists, who had remained in the 
country had received such ungenerous treatment that 
many of them removed to Canada or to the West Indies. 

During the revolution the States had stood by each 
other. For a while afterward, there seemed no com- 
mon sentiment nor interest to keep them together. 

The ordinance of 1787. — As soon as congress had 
received the deeds of the western lands, ceded by the 
States, it divided the land into sections and fixed the 
price for its sale. Large numbers of people at once 
moved to "the West" and it became necessary to 
provide a form of government for them. 

The ordinance of 1787 was a body of laws passed by 
congress for the government of the Northwest Terri- 
tory. It granted settlers religious freedom, encouraged 
the establishment of schools, and forbade the holding 
of slaves in that territory, but provided for the return 
of fugitive slaves that might be found there. Arrange- 
ments were made for dividing the territory into five 
States. 

Convention of 1787. Constitutional conven- 
tion. — The best men in the land felt the need of a 
stronger national government. In 1787, a convention 
was called to revise the articles of confederation. This 
convention, which consisted of delegates from all the 
States except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, May 
25, 1787, and continued in secret session for four 
months, with Washington presiding. An entirely 
new constitution was adopted Sept. 17, 1787. 

When the new constitution had been ratified by nine 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 141 

States (June, 1788), arrangements were at once made 
for organizing a new government under its provisions. 
It went into full operation when George Washington, 
on April 30, 1789, became the first president of the 
United States. 

The revolution had made us an independent people. 
The constitution made us a united people. 

The constitution gave the nation a head, a president, 
to execute the laws. It gave congress power to raise 
money to carry on the government. It gave all citi- 
zens equal rights and established the supreme court of 
the United States. 

Amendments. — During Washington's administra- 
tion ten amendments called " A Bill of Eights " were 
added to the constitution. During the second admin- 
istration the eleventh amendment limited the power of 
the supreme court. Three amendments were the out- 
come of the civil war. With these modifications the 
original constitution is still the revered law of the land. 
Author of the constitution. — The constitution 

was mainly the work of 
James Madison. The five 
most prominent men of that 
time were George Washing- 
ton, James Madison, Alex- 
ander Hamilton, Thomas 
Jefferson, and John Mar- 
shall. 

Compromises of the 
constitution. — (1) A part 

James Madis©n, 1751-1836 t i • 

President, 1809-1817 of the delegates bclieved m 




142 REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

a strong central government. Others wished to give 





Alexander Hamilton. 1757-1804 



John Marshall. 1755-1885 



as little power as possible to congress. To meet these 
differences, there was a definite assignment of the 
duties of congress and of other departments of the 
federal government. Certain other duties were^ re- 
served for the State governments.;^, Among other pro- 
visions, congress was to regulate foreign commerce, 
levy taxes, control the militia, declare war and enact 
federal laws. 

(2) Another difficulty was in regard to State rep- 
resentation in congress. The large States wished 
for representation based on population. The small 
States demanded equal representation for each State. 
A compromise, proposed by Franklin, arranged that 
congress should consist of two bodies, a senate, where 
each State should have equal representation, and a 
house of representatives, where representation should 
be based upon population. 

(3) The slave States then wished the slaves to be 
counted in apportioning the representation of those 
States. Free States opposed this. It was finally 



PROVISIOI^S OF THE CONSTITUTIONS^ 143 

settled that five slaves should be counted as three white 
men. 

(4) The commercial States wished to have free ex- 
ports. Planters were opposed. Free States wished to 
stop the importation of slaves. It was agreed that 
importation of slaves should not be prohibited by con- 
gress until 1808, and that exports should never be taxed. 
Provisions of the Constitution 

The legislative department. — The law-making 
power lies in congress, which consists of two bodies, 
the senate and the house of representatives. 

The house of representatives. — Representatives 
are chosen directly by the people and serve two years. 
A representative must be over 25 years old, a citizen 
of the United States for 7 years, and must live in the 
State which he represents. The number of repre- 
sentatives depends on the population of the State. 
This body chooses its own speaker, and all its other 
officers. It has the sole power of impeachment. All 
revenue bills originate in the house of representatives. 

The senate^ or upper house, is composed of 2 sena- 
tors from each State, chosen by the Statelegislatures for 
6 years. A senator must be over 30 years old, 9 years a 
citizen of the United States, and must live in the 
State from which he is chosen. The presiding officer 
of the senate is the vice-president of the United States. 
The senate chooses its other officers, and constitutes 
the court which holds trial for impeachment. 

The executive department. — The president is 
the executor of all laws passed by congress. He has 
power to veto any bill. If, however, two-thirds of the 
members of both houses approve, it may become a law 



144 



PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION 



without the president's signature. The president and 
vice-president must be natural-born citizens of the 
United States, and must have reached the age of 35 
years. The president and vice-president are elected 
every 4 years by electors chosen by the people of the 
States. The president is commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy. 

The judicial department. — The judicial power of 
the United States, which interprets laws and the con- 
stitution, is vested in a supreme court and in inferior 
courts established by congress. Members hold office 
for life, or during good behavior, and are appointed 
by the president, with the consent of the senate. The 
members of the supreme court are a chief justice and 8 
associate justices. The decisions of this court are final. 

The constitution provides that congress shall not 
interfere with religious freedom, nor with freedom of 
speech, nor with freedom of the press. 

The regulation of morals and public conduct and 
ordinary business is left to the States. 

General affairs of the country relating to finance, 
foreign commerce, treaties with foreign nations, and 
matters of war or peace are regulated by the federal 
government. 

Trial by jury is provided for in the constitution. 

Political parties. — When the Constitution was 
presented to the States for consideration the people 
were divided on the question of its adoption, and so 
arose our first political parties. Those who favored 
the Constitution were called federalists; those opposed, 
anti-federalists. Washington, Plamilton, and John 
Marshall were federalists. Thomas Jetferson, Patrick 
Henry, and Samuel Adams were anti-federalists. 



BIOGRAPHICAL ^^OTES 

Mek of Eevolutionary Times 

John Adams (see page 110) was a patriot leader in 
Massachusetts before the revolution, and a delegate to 
the first continental congress. He was one of the 
committee appointed to draw up the Declaration of 
Independence, and was one of its signers. In 1778, 
he was one of our commissioners to France. After 
our national government had been established, he was 
vice-president with Washington for eight years. He 
was the second president of the United States. 

Samuel Adams. — Samuel Adams was an able leader 
among those who opposed the stamp act and other 
measures of Parliament. He organized the committee 
of correspondence and was a member of the first con- 
tinental congress. He was called " The Father of 
the Revolution". With John Hancock, he was out- 
lawed by General Gage in 1775. 

Ethan Allen.^Ethan Allen, with a company of 
" Green Mountain Boys ", surprised and captured Fort 
Ticonderoga May 10, 1775. 

Major John Andre (see page 129) was the British 
agent with whom Arnold made arrangements for the 
surrender of West Point in 1780. After a conference 
with Arnold, Andre was captured near Tarry town, 
tried as a spy, found guilty, and hanged. 

(145) 



14G BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

Benedict Arnold (see page 129). During the early 
part of the revolutionary war, Benedict Arnold was a 
brave and distinguished officer. After 1778, he be- 
came jealous and dissatisfied. In 1780, he resolved to 
betray his country to the British. His plans were 
discovered through the capture of Major Andre. 
Arnold escaped to the British lines, received thirty 
thousand dollars, and a commission in the British 
army, — and the contempt of everybody. 

Colonel Isaac Barre served with Wolfe in the 
French and Indian war. At Quebec, he received a 
wound from whch he became blind. In 1761, he 
entered Parliament, where, for many years, he nobly 
defended the rights of the American colonists. 

Gen. Sir John Burgoyne (see page 118), com- 
manded the British army that invaded New York, 
from Canada, in 1777. 

George Rogers Clark. — General George Rogers 
Clark conquered the Northwest Territory from Eng- 
land in 1778 and 1779. 

Sir Henry Clinton (see page 124) was one of the 
leading British officers in America during the revolu- 
tionary war. He fought at Bunker Hill, Fort Moultrie, 
and Long Island. After the evacuation of Phila- 
delphia by the British, in 1778, he commanded the 
British forces in New York city. 

Thomas Conway. — General Conway, of the conti- 
nental army, was engaged in a conspiracy, with Gates 
and others, to deprive Washington of his command. 

Lord Cornwallis (see page 135) was one of the most 
skilful officers of the British army during the revolu- 



I 



ARNOLD TO FRANKLIN 147 

tionary war. He was with Howe in the battle of Long 
Island, and pursued Washington across New Jersey. 
At Princeton, he was out-generaled by Washington. 
Cornwallis commanded the British forces at the South. 
He surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown. 

Count DeGrjisse^ with a French fleet, came to 
America in 1781. He brought 24 ships to Chesapeake 
Bay to blockade the James and York rivers, thus 
assisting Washington and Lafayette in the siege of 
Yorktown. 

Baron DeKalb was a French nobleman who came 
to America with Lafayette in 1777. He was appointed 
major-general in the continental army. He was mor- 
tally wounded at the battle of Camden in 1780. 

D'Estaing (see page 123), a French officer, was sent 
to America with a strong naval force to assist the 
patriots. He was engaged in the unsuccessful siege 
of Savannah in 1779. 

Major Ferguson was an officer in the army of 
Cornwallis. He commanded the Tories in the western 
part of the Carolinas. He was defeated and killed at 
King's Mountain in 1780. 

Benjamin Franklin (see page 96) proposed a plan 
of union for the colonies as early as 1754. He was 
one of the committee to draw up the Declaration of 
Independence and was one of its signers. He was 
our chief agent at Paris when the French made the 
treaty of alliance with the Americans in 1778. He 
was a delegate to the convention of 1787 which met 
to revise the Articles of Confederation. 

Franklin made important discoveries in science. 



148 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

He proved that lightning and electricity are identical. 

General Frazier was a British officer, conspicuous 
for his bravery. He was killed at Saratoga in 1777. 

General Thomas Gage was a British officer in the 
French and Indian war. Before the revolution he was 
commander-in-chief of the British forces in North 
America. In 1774, he was made governor of Massa- 
chusetts. He was superseded by General Howe. 

General Horatio Gates (see page 119) served in 
the French and Indian war. When Burgoyne invaded 
New York, in 1777, Gates superseded General Schuy- 
ler in northern Xew York. At Saratoga, Gates stayed 
in his tent while Arnold won the victory. He was one 
of those who conspired against Washington. At the 
battle of Camden he showed great cowardice. 

General Nathaniel Greene (see page 1:32) was a 
brigadier-general in the continental army. He took 
part in the battle of Brandywine. In 1780, he was a 
member of the court which condemned Andre. After 
the battle of Camden, Greene was commander of the 
little American army in the South. He became 
famous for his successful retreats. 

Nathan Hale^ after the battle of Long Island and 
the escape of the Americans, visited the camp of 
the British to gain information in regard to their 
movements. He was recognized by a Tory, arrested, 
and hanged as a spy. His last words were, " I regret 
only that I have but one life to give to my country." 

Alexander Hamilton (seepage 142), served in the 
continental army at White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, 
and Yorktown. He was one of Washington's staff- 



FRAZIER TO HOWE 149 

officers, his personal friend, and adviser. Hamilton 
was largely instrumental in the adoption of the Con- 
stitution. He was Washington's secretary of the 
treasury. His wise policy established the credit of 
the United States upon a firm foundation. Hamilton 
was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. 

John Hancock was a wealthy and popular merchant 
of Boston. He was one of the active Sons of Liberty, 
and was president of the provincial congress. He was 
a delegate to the first continetal congress in 1774, 
and president of the second continental congress. 
With Samuel Adams, he was outlawed by General Gage 
in 1775. His name is conspicuous among the signers 
of the Declaration of Independence. John Hancock 
was governor of Massachusetts from 1780 to 1785. 

Patrick Henry was a lawyer and a member of the 
Virginia House of Burgesses. He became famous for 
his eloquent speeches in opposition to the stamp act 
and other oppressive laws passed by the British Parlia- 
ment. He was a delegate to the first continental con- 
gress, and was the first governor of Virginia after the 
Declaration of Independence. 

(jeneral Nicholas Herkimer (see page 120) served 
in the French and Indian war. He was one of the 
committee of safety. In 1775, he commanded a com- 
pany of militia. Mortally wounded at the battle of 
Oriskany, he ordered his men to place him against a 
tree. In this position, he directed the battle and his 
men held their ground. 

General William Howe (see page 112) succeeded 
Gage as commander of the British forces at Boston in 



150 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

1775. After the evacuation of Boston, Howe went to 
Halifax, but in the summer of 1776, he came to Staten 
Island. There he made his headquarters and began 
the campaign near New York. In 1777, he captured 
Philadelphia. 

Sir Henry Clinton succeeded Howe in 1778. 

Sergeant Jasper. — When the British made their 
first attack upon Charleston, June 28, 1776, the con- 
tinental flag was cut down by a cannon ball, and fell 
outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the 
fortification, rescued the flag, and returned it to its 
place. He modestly refused promotion for this act 
of bravery. 

He was killed in an engagement at Savannah in 1779. 

Thomas Jefferson (see page 110) was a member of 
the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1769 to 1775. 
He was one of the committee of correspondence and 
a member of the second continental congress. He 
wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was 
governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781. He was 
afterward a great democratic leader and an influential 
member of congress. He was vice-president with 
John Adams, whom he succeeded as president. 

Captain John Paul Jones (see page 127) was the 
greatest naval hero of the revolution. With a small 
fleet, he coasted about the British Isles. His most 
noted exploit occurred in the North Sea, when he 
attacked two British war ships, and, after a desperate 
fight, captured both of them. 

General Henry Knox was an engineer, and an 
artillery officer during the revolutionary war. He 



JASPER TO LEE 151 

brought cannon from Ticonderoga, across Massachu- 
setts, to be used in the siege of Boston. General 
Knox was chief commander of artillery during the 
war. He was secretary of war before and after Wash- 
ington became president of the United States. 

Thaddeus Kosciusko (see page 122) was a Polish 
nobleman who arrived in America in 177G and entered 
the continental army as colonel of engineers. He 
planned the American fortifications at Saratoga in 
1777, constructed the defences at West Point, and 
served with Greene at the South. 

Marquis de Lafayette (see page 117) was a French 
nobleman who became so interested in the cause of 
American liberty that he fitted out a ship at his own 
expense, came to America early in 1777, and offered 
his services to congress as a volunteer without pay. 
He freely spent his own money in clothing the men 
under his command. He was made major-general in 
the continental army when only 21 years old. He was 
wounded at Brandywine, helped to defeat Howe at 
Monmouth, and assisted in the siege of Yorktown. 
In 1824, he visited America as guest of the nation. 
Congress gave him $200,000 and a township of land 
in return for his services in the revolutionary war. 

Geueral Charles Lee (see page 114) was a selfish 
and boastful officer of the continental army. He de- 
sired the position of commander-in-chief and was one 
of those engaged in the Conway Cabal. He disobeyed 
Washington on various occasions and nearly lost the 
battle at Monmouth, after which he was dismissed from 
the army. 



152 BIOGRAPHICxVL NOTES 

Papers recently made public prove that he was a 
traitor. 

Richard Henry Lee offered in congress the famous 
resolution which declared the English-American colo- 
nies to be free and independent States. 

General Benjamin Lincoln an officer of the con- 
tinental army, assisted by the French fleet, made an 
unsuccessful attempt to recapture Savannah in 1779. 
In 1780, Clinton made an attack upon Charleston, 
Lincoln's headquarters. After a siege of six weeks 
Lincoln and his army surrendered. 

Robert R. Livingston (see page 111) of Xew York 
was a member of the second continental congress. He 
was one of the committee to draft the Declaration of 
Independence. 

James Madison (see page 141) was delegate to the 
convention of 1787, and drafted the principal parts 
of the constitution. He was a member of the Vir- 
ginia convention that ratified the constitution. Madi- 
son was one of the distinguished statesmen who aided 
in the establishment of our government. He offered 
in congress the ten amendments to the constitution, 
adopted in 1791. He was secretary of state during 
Jefferson's administration and, in 1808, was elected 
president by the democratic party. The war of 1812 
occurred during his administration. 

Francis Marion fought in the French and Indian 
war. During the revolution, he was one of the 
heroes who carried on partisan warfare at the South 
and helped to drive the British out of the Caroliuas. 
He was called "the Swamp Fox". 




LEE TO MORRIS 153 

General Hugh Mercer accompanied Washington 
in his retreat across New Jersey, fought at Trenton, 
and was mortally wounded at Princeton. 

General Richard Montgomery (see page 108) 
fought in the French and In- 
dian war. In 1775, he was 
commissioned brigadier-gen- 
eral in the continental army. 
The same year he was sent 
;|||: ' on an expedition to Canada. 

After several successful oper- 
ations in Canada, he was kill- 
ed at Quebec Dec. 31, 1775. 

Richard Montgomery, 1736-1775 Danlcl Morgan (sCC page 

108) commanded the famous riflemen of the revolu- 
tionary war. He accompanied Arnold to Quebec in 
1775, and helped to defeat Burgoyne in 1777. He 
was commissioned brigadier-general and joined Greene 
at the South. He gained the victory at Cowpens in 
1781. After the revolutionary war he was a member 
of congress. 

Rohert Morris (see page 115) was the great financier 
of the revolution. He was a leading merchant and 
banker in Philadelphia. He was a member of the 
second continental congress and signed the Declara- 
tion of Independence. 

Just after the battle of Trenton, when Washington 
was in great need of money, Robert Morris borrowed 
$50,000 for the government. In 1780, Morris and 



154 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

other citizens of Philadelphia sent three million 
rations to the army. When Washington was prepar- 
ing for the siege of Yorktovvn, Morris issued his own 
notes for more than a million dollars to get supplies 
for that undertaking. 

Greneral Willani Moultrie built the fort on Sulli- 
van's Island in Charleston harbor. He gained his fame 
by a vigorous defence of that fort in 1776. He was 
at Charleston when General Lincoln surrendered in 
1780. He was exchanged for Burgoyne in 1782. 

James Otis was a zealous patriot and a gifted ora- 
tor. He was a leader in the Massachusetts assembly. 
He made a vigorous speech against " Writs of Assist- 
ance ", in which he declared that " Taxation without 
representation is tyranny ". 

Andrew Pickens was an American general in the 
revolutionary war. He was one of the partisan leaders 
at the South. 

Major Pitcairn commanded the British expedition 
to Lexington and Concord April 19, 1775. 

Mollie Pitcher. — During the battle of Monmouth, 
an artilleryman was killed at his post. His wife, 
Mollie Pitcher, took her husband's place, and with 
skill and courage performed his work until the battle 
was ended. Congress voted her a sergeant's commis- 
sion with half-pay through life. 

Colonel William Prescott was an American 
patriot, distinguished for his bravery in the revolution. 
After the battle of Lexington, he raised a regiment of 



MOULTRIE TO REVERE 155 

minute men and marched to Cambridge. He had 
charge of the expedition to fortify Bunker Hill. Dur- 
ing the battle next day he showed the greatest bravery. 
He was present at the battle of Saratoga, and served 
in the army two years. 

Count Pulaski^ a Polish nobleman, came to Amer- 
ica in the summer of 1777 and joined the army under 
Washington. He fought at Brandywine and German- 
town. He commanded a body of cavalry, called 
" Pulaski's Legion ". In 1779, the French and Ameri- 
cans attacked Savannah and Pulaski received a mortal 
wound. 

General Israel Putnam (see page 111) of Connecti- 
cut served in the army throughout the French and In- 
dian war. 

When he heard about the battle of Lexington, he 
left his plough in the furrow and started for Boston. 
When Washington took command of the continental 
army, Putnam received a commission as major-general. 
He held places of great responsibility throughout the 
revolutionary war. He assisted in the siege of Bos- 
ton, commanded the continental forces in the battle 
of Long Island, erected fortifications for the defence 
of Philadelphia, and held an important position on 
the Highlands of the Hudson. 

Rahl^ or Rail was the commander of the Hessians 
stationed at Trenton. He was mortally wounded in 
the battle of Trenton. 

Paul Revere was an American patriot born in Bos- 



156 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

ton, of Huguenot descent. He was one of those who 
destroyed the tea in Boston harbor. He was sent as 
a messenger to warn the people of Lexington and 
Concord of the approach of the British, and to tell 
John Hancock and Samuel Adams of their danger. 

Count de Rochambeau (see page 123) with 6,000 
French soldiers arrived in America in the summer of 
1780 and joined the American army on the Hudson. 
He led his army to Virginia and assisted in the siege 
of Yorktown in 1781. Rochambeau loaned the Ameri- 
cans $20,000. 

General St. Leger (see page 120) commanded one 
division of the British army in Burgoyne's invasion. 
He was driven out of the Mohawk Valley. 

General Philip Schuyler (see page 119) com- 
manded the continental troops in northern New York 
when Burgoyne commenced his invasion. He was 
superseded by Gates. 

Daniel Shays was a captain in the continental 
army. He was commander of a company of ,Massa- 
chusetts farmers who were poor and greatly in debt. 
They gathered together and marched to the court 
houses in Worcester and Springfield to prevent the 
courts from sitting. The insurrection was put down 
by the militia. 

Roger Sherman was a delegate to the first conti- 
nental congress, and a member of the second conti- 
nental congress. He was one of the committee to 
draw up the Declaration of Independence. He was 



EOCHAMBEAU TO SUMTER 157 

an influential member of the convention of 1T87, and 
urged the adoption of the constitution by the State 
convention of Connecticut. 

General John Stark (see page 119) served in the 
French and Indian war. He was a member of the 
committee of safety at the beginning of the revolu- 
tion. He fought at Bunker Hill, Trenton, and Prince- 
ton. At Bennington, he defeated and captured the 
British forces under Colonel Baum. 

Baron Steuben (see page 122), a Prussian nobleman, 
came to America in November, 1777, and joined Wash- 
ington at Valley Forge, where he spent the winter 
drilling and disciplining the continental soldiers. He 
had been appointed inspector-general with the rank 
of major-general. He was present at the battle of 
Monmouth in June, 1778. In 1780, he was in com- 
mand of the American forces in Virginia. He managed 
the defences at Yorktown. 

General Stirling (see page 112) served in the con- 
tinental army at the siege of Boston, and in the battles 
of Long Island, Trenton, and Princeton. 

General Sullivan (see page 112) of the continental 
army, assisted in the siege of Boston, and served at 
Long Island, Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. 
In 1779, he marched against the Indians of New York 
to punish them for the massacres in the AVyoming and 
Cherry Valleys. 

General Thomas Sumter served in the French 
and Indian war. In 1776 he was commissioned lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the South Carolina regiment of rifle- 



158 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 

men. He was one of the partisan leaders at the South 
during the last years of the revolutionary war. 

General Tarleton was a British officer in the 
revolutionary war. He fought at the South and was 
among those who surrendered at Yorktown. 

Seth Warner, of Bennington, accompanied Ethan 
Allen to Ticonderoga in 1775. The next day after 
Allen had captured Ticonderoga, Seth AVarner took 
Crown Point. 

General Joseph Warren was a distinguished 
physician in Boston before the revolutionary war. He 
was an active patriot, and chairman of the committee 
of safety. He was commissioned major-general in 
June, 1775. He fought as a volunteer at Bunker 
Hill, although he was offered the command. He was 
killed just as the battle ended. 

General George Washington (see page 106) began 
his military career early in the French and Indian war. 
At Fort Duquesne he saved the British army from 
complete destruction. He was delegate to both the 
first and second continental congresses. In May, 
1775, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
continental army. For eight years, under most dis- 
couraging circumstances, he proved himself a prudent 
and skilful leader. 

He presided at the convention of 1787. When the 
plan of government had been formed, Washington was 
elected president by unanimous vote of all the people. 
After serving two terms, he retired to Mount Vernon. 
He has been called " The Father of his Country '\ and 
" The Greatest American ". 



TARLETON TO WAYNE 159 

General Anthony Wayne (see page 126), called 
''Mad Anthony" for his reckless bravery, took an 
active part in the revolution, distinguishing himself at 
Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. His cap- 
ture of Stony Point has always been considered one 
of the brilliant achievements of the revolutionary war. 



EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE REVOLU- 
TIONARY WAR 

1765. The Stamp Act. 

1767. Tax imposed on tea. 

1768. Arrival of British troops in Boston, Sept. 27. 
1770. Boston Massacre, March 5. 

1773. Boston Tear Party, Dec. 16. 

1774. Boston Port Bill, March 31. 

First Continental Congress met Sept. 5. 

1775. Battle of Lexington, April 19. 

Second Continental Congress met May 10. 
Capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, May 

10. 
AVashington elected commander-in-chief, 

June 15. 
Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
Washington took command of the army, 

July 3, 
Attack on Quebec, Dec. 31. 
1775-6. Siege of Boston. 

1776. Evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17. 
Attack on Fort Moultrie, June 28. 
Declaration of Independence, July 4. 
Battle of Long Island, Aug. 27. 

Battle of White Plains, Oct. 28. 
Retreat through New Jersey, Nov. 19-Dec. 6. 
Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25. 
(160) 



CHROKOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION 161 

1777. Robert Morris raises money for the patriots, 

Jan. 1. Battle of Princeton, Jan 3. 
Washington's winter camp at Morristown 

Heights. 
Adoption by Congress of the " stars and 

stripes ", June 14. 

(a) Burgoyne's Campaign. 
British invade New York, June. 

Capture of Ticonderoga by the British, July 5. 

Battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6. 

Battle of Bennington, Aug. IG. 

Flight of St. Leger from Fort Stanwix, Aug. 

22. 
First Battle of Saratoga, Sept. 19. 
Second Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7. 
Surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 

(b) Pennsylvania Campaign. 
Battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. 

Capture of Philadelphia by the British, 

Sept. 26. 
Capture of Forts Mercer and Mifflin. 
Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. 
Washington's winter camp at Valley Forge 

(1777-8). 
Arrival of Baron Steuben, December. 

1778. Alliance with France, Feb. 

England sent peace commissioners to America. 
British evacuated Philadephia. 
Battle of Monmouth, June 28. 
The French fleet arrive at Newport, July 29. 
British and Indian raids in the Wyoming and 
Cherry Valleys. 



162 CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION 

The British capture Savannah, Dec. 29. 
Washington's winter camp at Morristown 

with his lines extending to the Highlands 

of the Hudson. 

1779. The British captured Augusta, Ga. 
Anthony Wayne capturad Stony Point, July 

15. 
Sullivan's expedition into the Mohawk Valley. 
British raids in Connecticut. 
Paul Jones's victory, Sept. 23. 
Unsuccessful attack upon Savannah by the 

Americans, Oct. 9. 
1778-9. Conquest of Northwest Territory by George 

Rogers Clark. 

1780. American surrender at Charleston, May 12. 
Rochambeau's arrival in America with French 

troops, July. 
Battle of Camden, Aug. 16. 
Arnold's Treason, discovered in September. 
Execution of Andre, Oct. 2. 
Battle of King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 
Washington's winter camp at Morristown. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens, Jan. 17. 

Articles of Confederation ratified, March 1. 
Greene's famous retreat to Virginia, Feb. 
Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15. 
Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8. 
Siege of Yorktown, Sept. 26-Oct. 19. 
Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 

1782. Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British, 

Dec. 14. 
Savannah evacuated by the British, July 11. 



CHROJ^OLOGY OF THE REVOLUTIOK 163 

1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 

New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. 

1787. Shays's Rebellion in Mass. 
Ordinance of 1787. 

Convention of 1787, May 14 to Sept. 17. 

1788. Constitution adopted by eleven States. 

1789. Inauguration of Washington, April 30. 



QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 
The Mound Builders 

1. Who were the Mound Builders? 

2. Where did they live, and whence did they come ? 

3. Describe the Mounds, giving form, size, contents, 
uses, etc. 

The Northmen 

4. Give an account of the Northmen, telling who 
they were and what claims they have made. 

5. What proofs are furnished to support these claims ? 

6. What results have followed the expeditions of 
the Northmen ? 

The Indians 

7. Give the origin of the Indians. 

8. Why were they so called ? 

9. Give the estimated number of Indians on this 
continent at the time of its discovery. 

10. Describe the Indians as to personal appearance, 
other characteristics, manner of living, government, 
religion, weapons, and money. 

11. Name the principal divisions of the Indians. 

12. What tribes were included in the Algonquin 
division ? 

13. Where was it located ? 

14. What tribes were included in the Wyandot 
division ? 

15. Where was it located ? 

(165) 



16G QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

IG. What tribes were included in the Mobilian 
division ? 

17. Where was it located ? 

18. W^here were the Cherokees located ? 

19. Where were the Sioux located ? 

The Revival of Learning in the 15th Century 

20. Who was Marco Polo ? 

21. When did he live ? 

22. Why did he become famous ? 

23. What great inventions early in the 15th century ? 

24. How did they cause a revival of learning ? 

Early Business Routes 

25. Name the great commercial cities of Europe in 
the 14th and 15th centuries. 

26. Give the routes by which each carried on its 
trade with the East. 

27. What interruptions to their business ? 

28. Name some of the early Portuguese navigators 
and describe their voyages. 

29. What was the great problem of maritime nations 
at the time of Columbus ? 

Columbus 

30. What can you tell of the parents of Columbus *? 

31. What educational advantages did he enjoy ? 

32. Tell something of his voyages before 1492. 

33. How did his marriage aid Columbus in carrying 
out his plans ? 

34. What courts did he visit and with what results? 

35. Tell something of the motives and beliefs of 
Columbus. 



EXPLORATIONS 167 

36. Describe his first voyage as to the number of 
ships, the number of men, incidents of the voyage, 
its length, and its results. 

37. Tell something of his subsequent voyages to the 
New World. 

38. Give an account of his last years and their mis- 
fortunes. 

39. Can you give some reasons for this condition of 
affairs ? 

40. Give some of the prominent characteristics of 
Columbus. 

41. What are some of the results of the work ac- 
complished by this great navigator ? 

42. Why was America so named ? 

Other Spanish Explorers 

43. jGive an account of Ponce de Leon, telling when, 
where, and why he made his expedition to Florida. 

44. What discovery was made by Balboa ? 

45. Give an account of the voyage made by Magellan. 

46. For what was Cortez noted ? 

47. Describe the expedition of De Soto, giving the 
number of men, section explored, the great discovery 
and its date. 

48. Give results. 

49. What explorations were made by Coronado ? 

50. Who was the first man to sail along the Pacific 
coast of America ? 

51. Who founded St, Augustine ? When ? For 
what is the city noted ? 

52. What city was founded by Espejo ? When ? 



/ 



168 questions on american history 

Portuguese Explorers 

53. Name three early Portugese navigators and tell 
something of their explorations. 

French Explorers 

54. What can you say of Varrazani ? 

55. Give an account of Cartier and his discoveries, 
giving date. 

56. Give an account of Champlain's explorations, 
the cities he founded, his expedition with the Hurons 
and its results. 

57. Who was the Huguenot leader in France ? 

58. Give an account of the first Huguenot expedi- 
tion to America, giving date, location, number of 
emigrants, and results of expedition. 

59. Give an account of the second Huguenot expe- 
dition to America, giving date, location and results. 

60. Give an account of the expedition of DeGourgues. 

61. Give an account of the French explorations in 
the West, naming the first Jesuit explorers and giving 
the extent of their travels. 

62. What purpose led to these explorations ? 

63. Mention the special work of each Jesuit leader. 

English Explorers 

64. Give an account of the Cabots and their voy- 
ages, giving date. 

65. Explain the theory of John Cabot. 

66. What was the great result of these voyages ? 

67. What can you say of Frobisher V 

68. Give an account of Sir Francis Drake and his 
voyages. 



EXPLORATIONS 169 

69. What new idea advanced by Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert ? 

70. What plan was made by Sir Walter Raleigh ? 

71. Give an account of Raleigh's first expedition to 
America, giving its purpose and results. 

72. Describe Raleigh's second expedition, giving its 
purpose, the number of emigrants, governor, location, 
and results. 

73. Describe Raleigh's third expedition, giving date, 
location, incidents, and result. 

74. What route was followed by Gosnold ? 

75. When and where did he make explorations ? 

76. What explorations were made by Pring ? 

77. What two companies received charters in 1606 ? 

78. How did James I. divide the land in America ? 

79. Give exact limits of the grants then made. 

80. What can you say of the intervening territory ? 

Dutch Explorers 

81. Give an account of Henry Hudson's voyage in 
1609, giving its purpose and results. 

Claims of Europeai^^ Nations 

82. What lands in America were claimed by Spain ? 

83. What was the basis of this claim ? 

84. What lands were claimed by England ? 

85. Upon what basis did the English claim rest ? 
S(5. What lands were claimed by France ? 

87. What was the basis of the French claim ? 

88. What did the Dutch claim ? 

89. Upon what was the Dutch claim based ? 

90. Mention the six oldest towns in America, nam- 
ing the year in which each was founded and the nation 
under whose direction each was settled. 



170 questions on american history 

Virginia 

91. When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled ? 

92. Who was the English sovereign at that time? 

93. What was the object of the settlement of 
Virginia ? 

94. When did the London company receive their 
first charter ? 

95. Give the provisions of the first Virginia charter. 

96. Give the number and characteristics of the 
earliest Virginia colonists. 

97. Tell something of their experience during the 
first few months in America. 

98. What forms of government existed in this colony ? 

99. Define the different forms of colonial govern- 
ment: (a) voluntary association; (b) charter govern- 
ment; (c) proprietary government; (ti) royal province. 

100. When did Virginia receive its second charter ? 

101. What changes in the government under this 
charter ? 

102. What change in territorial limits ? 

103. When was the third charter given to Virginia? 
101. What change in the administration of atfairs 

under this charter '? 

105. When and why did Virginia become a royal 
province V 

lOG. Of what religious faith were the first settlers 
of Virginia ? 

107. What can you say of the growth of the Vir- 
ginia colony ? 

108. Mention some of the early troubles in Virginia. 

109. Describe the "Starving Time" in Virginia, 
giving date, cause, extent, and results. 



COLONIES 171 

110. For what three events was" the year 1619 re- 
markable ? 

111. When, where, and by whom was slavery intro- 
duced into America ? 

112. What can you say of the coming of women to 
the Virginia colony ? 

113. Describe the first legislative assembly of Vir- 
ginia, giving date, place of meeting, members com- 
posing it, its name, and its work. 

114. What were some of the first causes of prosper- 
ity in Virginia ? 

115. Describe the Indian troubles of 1622 and 1644. 

116. Describe the navigation acts, giving their pro- 
visions, and the causes and results of the passage of 
these laws. 

117. Describe Bacon's rebellion, giving date, place,, 
cause, leader, incidents, and results. 

118. Xame some of the great reforms in the Vir- 
ginia colony. 

119. What can you say of the college of William 
and Mary ? 

120. Give a brief sketch of John Smith and of his 
services in America. 

121. Who was Christopher Newport ? 

122. Give a brief note upon each of the following: 
(a) Lord Delaware; (b) Governor Dale; (c) Sir William 
Berkeley; {d) Nathaniel Bacon; (e) Powhatan; (/) 
Pocahontas. 

New York 

123. Give an account of the discovery of the Hud- 
son river. 



172 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

124. When, where, and by whom was New York 
settled ? 

125. Describe the " Patroon System ", giving terms 
of agreement between the patroons and the govern- 
ment, and between the patroons and the emigrants. 

126. For what object was New York settled ? 

127. What oan you say of the people who settled 
New York ? 

128. What was the form of government under the 
Dutch? 

129. What was the form of government under the 
English ? 

130. Of what church were most of the settlers of 
New York? 

131. What can you say of the growth of the Dutch 
colony ? 

132. Give a sketch of each of the four Dutch gov- 
ernors of New York. 

133. Give an account of the conquest of New Sweden. 

134. What trouble between the Dutch and the 
English ? 

135. How was it settled ? 

136. For what reasons did the English desire the 
control of New Netherlands ? 

137. What claim was made by England ? 

138. How was the conquest of New Netherlands 
brought about ? 

139. Describe the negro plot. 

140. What can you say of King's college ? 

141. Give a biographical sketch of each of the fol- 
lowing: (a) Cornelius May; (6) Edmund Andros; (c) 



COLONIES 173 

Jacob Leisler; (d) Captain Kidd, (e) and Lord Bello- 
mont. 

142. Describe the Dongan charter. 

143. Give an account of the treaty between the 
English and the Iroquois. 

144. Give an account of the Zenger trial, giving the 
cause, incidents, and results. 

Xew Jersey 

145. Give the name and date of the first Dutch set- 
tlement in Xew Jersey. 

146. When and where did the English first s,ettle 
within this colony ? 

147. Why was ^ew Jersey so named ? 

148. What inducements were offered by the English 
for the settlement of New Jersey ? 

149. How was the colony divided and owned ? 

150. How was New Jersey governed ? 

151. What college in New Jersey ? 

Massachusetts. — I. Plymouth Colony 

152. What two colonies were made in what is now 
Massachusetts ? 

153. Explain the difference between Pilgrims and 
Puritans. 

154. Describe the wanderings of the Pilgrims. 

155. Give an account of the journey of the Pilgrims 
to America and name the date and place of landing. 

156. Describe the character of the Pilgrims. 

157. What can you say of the growth of the Ply- 
mouth colony ? 

158. Describe the sufferings of the Pilgrims during 
their first winter in America. 



174 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

159. What was the government of the Plymouth 
colony up to 1692 '? 

160. Describe their first compact. 

161. Name their first governor. 

162. Define voluntary association. 

163. Give a brief sketch of each of the following: 
(a) John Carver; (b) William Bradford; (c) William 
Brewster; (d) Miles Standish; (e) Massasoit. 

II. Massachusetts Bay Colony 

164. What were the first two settlements in Massa- 
chusetts Bay colony ? 

165. When and by whom was each settled ? 

166. Why was this colony formed ? 

167. Give the characteristics of the Puritans. 

168. What forms of government existed in this 
colony ? 

169. Who were allowed the privilege of voting ? 

170. Describe the settlement of Boston, giving date 
of settlement and name of founder. 

171. Give a sketch of Governor Winthrop. 

172. Give a good account of Roger Williams and 
the principles he advocated, and his banishment from 
Massachusetts Bay colony. 

173. Give a brief sketch of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. 

174. Give an account of the persecution of the 
Quakers in Massachusetts. 

175. What peculiar ideas were held by them ? 

176. Give an account of the founding of Harvard 
college. 

177. Describe the Union of the New England col- 
onies, giving date, names of colonies that united, 
object of the union, its management, and its name. 



COLONIES 175 

178. Describe King Philip's war, giving date, loca- 
tion, cause, incidents, and results. 

179. Describe the Salem witchcraft, giving date, 
delusions, and results. 

180. How did Massachusetts become a royal province? 

181. What effect had the English revolution of 
1G88 upon the American colonies ? 

182. What change in the government of the colony 
in 1692 ? 

183. Give a brief sketch of Rev. John Eliot. 

New Hampshire 

184. Give an account of the founding of New 
Hampshire, showing date, names of proprietors, ex- 
tent of grant, its first name, and the first settlement. 

185. What v/as the object of the settlement of New 
Hampshire ? 

186. What forms of government in this colony ? 

187. Of what religious faith were the settlers of this 
colony ? 

188. How was the land divided ? 

189. With what colony was New Hampshire after- 
wards united, and for what reasons ? 

190. How did Maine become a part of Massachusetts, 
and when did it become a separate State ? 

191. Describe the Scotch Irish settlement in New 
Hampshire. 

192. What college in New Hampshire ? 

193. What colonies claimed Vermont ? 

194. Why was it called the " New Hampshire 
Grants " ? 

195. What action by King George in 1675 ? 

196. When did Vermont declare itself independent? 



176 questions on american history 

Connecticut 

197. Where and by whom was the first fort in Con- 
necticut built ? 

198. What was the object of the settlement of Con- 
necticut ? 

199. Give an account of Winthrop's settlement in 
Connecticut. 

200. Grive an account of Rev. Thomas Hooker's set- 
tlement at Hartford. 

201. Explain the first government established in 
Connecticut. 

202. Where was the colony established by John Win- 
throp ? Where that established by Thomas Hooker ? 

203. Give an account of the Davenport colony at 
New Haven. 

204. What settlements first formed the Connecticut 
colony ? 

205. What addition to the colony in 1644 ? 

206. When did Connecticut receive its charter from 
the king ? 

207. What can you say of this charter ? 

208. Give three reasons that led to the settlement 
of Connecticut. 

209. Give an account of the Pequod war, showing 
date, location, Indian methods, incidents, and result. 

210. Who was Sir Edmund Andros ? 

211. Give an account of the Charter Oak. 

Maryland 

212. When, where, and by whom was Maryland 
settled ? 

213. What was the object of this settlement ? 



colo:n^ies 177 

214. Where did the first Lord Baltimore attempt to 
plant a colony in America ? 

215. What title had the second Lord Baltimore in 
Maryland ? 

216. What powers were given to him ? 

217. Describe the settlement at St. Mary's. 

218. What can you say of the Wigwam church ? 

219. To what extent were religious and political 
privileges enjoyed ? 

220. What were the Toleration acts ? 

221. What results followed the passage of these acts? 

222. Describe Clayborne's rebellion, giving causes, 
incidents, and results. 

223. Give a brief account of the civil wars in 
Maryland. 

224. What forms of government existed at various 
times in Maryland ? 

225. What can you say of Mason and Dixon's Line ? 

Rhode Island 

226. When, where, and by whom was Rhode Island 
settled ? 

227. For what object was this colony established ? 

228. Give a sketch of Roger Williams. 

229. Give an account of the friendly relations be- 
tween Roger Williams and the Narragansett Indians. 

230. What other exiles made settlements in Rhode 
Island ? 

231. Give an account of the government of the 
colony. 

232. What can you say of the Rhode Island charter ? 

233. What college in Rhode Island ? 



178 questions on american history 

Delaware 

234. When, where, and by whom was tlie first per- 
manent settlement made in Delaware ? 

235. What was the object of this settlement V 

236. What action by Peter Stuyvesant ? 

237. How did Delaware become an English colony ? 

238. How did it become a Quaker colony ? 

239. When did Delaware become a separate State ? 
240 What form of government in Delaware *? Define. 

241. To whom did Delaware rightfully belong ? 

^ORTH Carolina 

242. When and where was the settlement of North 
Carolina commenced ? 

243. What was the object of this settlement V 

244. What was the form of government in this colony? 

245. To whom was the land granted ? 

246. What was included in the grant ? 

247. Describe the Grand Model, giving the authors, 
plans for division of lands, classes of people, methods 
of government, and results. 

248. Why was the colony divided ? 

249. What can you say of the growth of North 
Carolina ? 

South Carolina 

250. When, where, and by whom was South Carolina 
settled ? 

251. What two reasons for its settlement ? 

252. What forms of government in the colony ? 
Define. 

253. What can you say of the Huguenots in South 
Carolina ? 



COLONIES . 179 

254. What important products were cultivated there? 

255. What can you say of the growth of South 
Carolina ? 

Pennsylvania 

256. Give a brief sketch of William Penn. 

257. Why did Penn establish this colony ? 

258. Give date and location of the first settlement 
in Pennsylvania. 

259. What form of government in Pennsylvania ? 
Define. 

260. Give reasons for the great prosperity of this 
colony. 

261. Tell something of the growth of Philadelphia. 

262. What was the Great Law ? 

263. Give some of its provisions. 

264. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the In- 
dians and its consequences. 

265. Give an account of Penn's relations with Dela- 
ware. 

Georgia 

266. When, where, and by whom was Georgia settled? 

267. For what purpose was this colony planted ? 

268. Give a sketch of James Oglethorpe. 

269. What settlers afterward came to this colony ? 

270. What products were cultivated in Georgia ? 

271. What trade restrictions were imposed upon this 
colony ? 

272. Give an account of the troubles between the 
English settlers in Georgia and the Spanish in Florida. 

273. Give a sketch of John and Charles Wesley. 

274. What can you say of George Whitefield ? 



180 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

275. What forms of government existed in Georgia? 

Define. 

Inter-Colonial Wars 

276. What was the first Inter-Colonial war called ? 
Give date. 

277. What nations were engaged in this war ? 

278. Give causes and principal events of this war. 
'/c79. Name the treaty by which the war was closed 

and give results. 

280. What was the second Inter-Colonial war called ? 
Give date. 

281. What nations were engaged in this war ? 

282. What is this war sometimes called ? 

283. Give a brief account of the causes of trouble 
in Europe and in America. 

284. What part was taken by the Iroquois ? 

285. Name the treaty by which the war was closed 
and give results. 

286. What was the third Inter-Colonial war? Give 
date. 

287. What is this war sometimes called ? 

288. What nations were engaged in this war ? 

289. Give causes of the war. 

290. What was the principal event of this war in 
America ? 

291. Name the treaty by which the war was closed, 
and give results. 

292. What was the fourth Inter-Colonial war called ? 
Give date. 

293. Name the causes of this war. 

294. Name the five objective points and explain what 
is meant by the term objective points. 



IN^TERCOLONIAL WARS 181 

295. Show the importance of each of these points. 

296. What was the object of the French and Indian 
war ? 

297. What can you say of the number of the 
French and of the English respectively ? 

298. What parts of America were occupied by each ? 

299. What can you say of the land west of the 
Alleghany mountains ? 

300. What was done by the Ohio Land company? 

301. Describe Washington's journey, giving date, 
object, extent, and results. 

302. How did the war open ? 

303. Mention some events of the year 1754. 

304. Describe the destruction of Acadia, giving 
causes, name of English commander, and the results 
of the expedition. 

305. Describe the battle of Fort Duquesne, giving 
a sketch of Braddock, the long march, the surprise. 
Washington's conduct, and the result of the battle. 

306. What can you say of the battle of Lake George ? 

307. What can you say of the war during the years 
1756 and 1757 ? 

308. What can you say of AVilliam Pitt and of his 
management of the war '? 

309. What English victories were won during the 
year 1758 ? 

310. What important English victories during the 
year 1759 ? 

311. Describe the battle of Quebec, giving names of 
commanders and the number of troops on each side, 
positions occupied, strategem arranged by Wolfe, result 
of the engagement, and the importance of the battle. 



182 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

312. When was peace declared ? 

313. Give terms of the treaty of Paris (1763). 

314. Give causes and results of Pontiac's war. 

315. Give results of the French and Indian war as 
regards cost, and the effect upon the French, the Eng- 
lish, and the Spanish respectively. 

316. In what ways was the war of great advantage 
to the colonists ? 

The Albany Convention 

317. When was it called ? 

318. Who were the delegates to the convention ? 
310. What was the object of the meeting ? 

320. Describe Franklin's plan of union, and tell 
why it was not adopted. 

Condition of the Colonies in 1763 

321. Name the thirteen original colonies. 

322. What was the population of the colonies in 1763? 

323. What can you say of slavery in the colonies at 
this time ? 

324. What was meant by indentured servants ? 

325. What were then the largest cities of the country? 

326. What colonies had charter governments ? 

327. Which had proprietary governments ? 

328. Which were royal provinces ? 

329. What can you say of the legislative assemblies? 

330. What can you say of the laws of that time ? 

331. What is said of the language and the religious 
beliefs of the American colonists ? 

332. What were the chief occupations of the people ? 

333. Name the exports of the North and those of 
the South. 



CONDITION OF THE COLONIES ^ 183 

334. Give an account of farm-life in the colonies as 
contrasted with city life at that time. 

335. What can you say of methods of travel in 
those days ? 

336. Where were free schools first established ? 

337. What educational advantages were enjoyed in 
the middle colonies ? 

338. What is said of the schools at the South ? 

339. Xame some of the oldest colleges in America, 
giving the dates of their establishment. 

340. Name the earliest American writers and men- 
tion some work of each. 

341. Who were the earliest American artists *? 

342. What was the first regular newspaper printed 
in America ? 

343. How were the mails conveyed ? 

The Revolutionary War 

344. Mention some remote causes of the revolution. 

345. Mention the direct causes of the war. 

346. Define the Navigation acts. 

347. How was the French and Indian war a cause 
of the revolution ? 

348. Describe the Stamp act and tell why it was 
never enforced. 

349. Describe the tax on tea and tell why it was 
made, and why it was opposed by the Americans. 

350. Give an account of the tea-ships sent to various 
American cities. 

351. Describe the Boston Tea party and show how 
the Boston people were punished for this act. 

352. What were writs of assistance ? 



184 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

353. Describe the Mutiny act. 

354. Describe the Boston massacre, and mention its 
results. 

355. Explain (a) the Boston Port bill, (h) Sons of 
Liberty, (c) Minute men, (d) Whigs, (e) Tories. 

356. Give an account of the first continental con- 
gress, giving date, place of meeting, character of men 
composing it, colonies represented, and the work (»f 
the congress. 

357. Explain ^' Taxation without Representation ". 

358. Give an account of the Provincial congress in 
Massachusetts. 

359. Give an account of the battle of Lexington and 
the " Concord Fight", giving preliminary events (or- 
ders of the king, gathering of stores, and watching of 
British movements), and the results of the battle. 

360. What was the effect of this battle upon the 
American people ? 

361. Give an account of the Second Continental 
congress, giving date, place of meeting, and work 
accomplished. 

362. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga, 
and show the importance of this event. 

363. Describe the battle of Bunker Hill, giving date, 
cause, commanders, number of forces, and results. 

364. What was the effect of this battle ? 

365. When and where did Washington take com- 
mand of the American army ? 

366. What was the condition of the army when 
Washington took command ? 

367. Describe the attack on Quebec, giving date, 
reasons for the expedition, events, and results. 



THE EEVOLUTIONARY WAR 185 

368. Give an account of the siege of Boston and 
the departure of the British. 

369. Describe the battle of Fort Moultrie, giving 
date, location, incidents, and results. 

370. Who were the Hessians ? 

371. Declaration of Independence: (a) Give the 
resolution of Richard Henry Lee, June, 1776. (b) 
Who seconded the motion ? (c) Xame the committee 
appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. 
(d) By whom was it written ? (e) When was it adopted 
by congress V 

372. Campaign near New York : (a) Wliy did Wash- 
ington remove his headquarters to Xew York ? (h) 
What defences were built by the Americans ? (c) 
From what three places did the British army come ? 
(d) Where were Howe's headquarters ? 

373. Describe the battle of Long Island, giving the 
date and result of the battle. Show why it was of 
great importance. 

374. What position was taken by the Americans 
after the battle of Long Island ? 

375. What occurred at each of the following places : 
(a) White Plains, {b) Fort Washington, and (c) W^est 
Point ? 

376. What can you say of the conduct of Charles 
Lee at this time ? 

377. Describe the retreat through Xevv Jersey, 
showing Washington's purpose, the number in pursuit, 
incidents of the retreat, and the escape of the Ameri- 
cans. Show the position of the British after the 
Americans had crossed the Delaware. 

378. Give an acconnt of the capture of Charles Lee. 



186 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

379. Describe the battle of Trenton, giving date, 
incidents, and results. 

380. What effect had this battle upon the American 
people ? 

381. To what place did congress adjourn ? 

382. What work was accomplished by the congress 
of 177G? 

383. What were the great needs of the country at 
this time ? 

384. Give a sketch of Robert Morris and his work 
in behalf of the American cause. 

385. Describe the battle of Princeton, giving date, 
position of forces, the delay of Cornwallis, the attack, 
and the result. 

386. Where did Washington make his headquarters 
during the winter of 1776-1777 ? 

387. Pennsylvania campaign: (a) When did the 
Pennsylvania campaign begin ? (b) What plan was 
followed by Washington ? (c) How did the British 
get their forces into Pennsylvania ? 

388. Describe the battle of Brandywine. 

389. VVlien did the British capture Philadelphia ? 

390. To what places did congress adjourn ? 

391. Describe the battle of Germantown. 

392. What forts were captured by the British ? 

393. Where were Washington's headquarters during 
the winter of 1777 and 1778? 

394. Burgoyne's invasion : (a) When did the invasion 
begin ? {b) Give the number of British, (c) Show 
the plans of Burgoyne, and (d) name the first suc- 
cesses of the British. 

395. What can you say of Schuyler and Gates ? 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 187 

396. Describe the battle of Bennington, giving 
cause and results. 

397. Give an account of the battle of Oriskany. 

398. Give an account of St. Leger's expedition and 
its results. 

399. Describe the first battle of Saratoga. 

400. Describe the second battle of Saratoga, giving 
date, cause, and results. 

401. Describe the surrender of Burgoyne and its 
results. 

402. Show the great importance of the second battle 
of Saratoga. 

403. Name noted foreigners who entered the Ameri- 
can army during 1776 and 1777. 

404. What financial assistance did France furnish ? 

405. Give an accent of the Conway Cabal. 

406. What can you say of the winter in Valley Forge ? 

407. What special services were rendered by Baron 
Steuben at this time ? 

408. Give an. account of the alliance between France 
and the Americans. 

409. What were some of the advantages gained by 
the treaty with France ? 

410. How did this alliance affect the conduct of the 
British ? 

411. What change in British officers in 1778 ? 

412. Give an account of the evacuation of Philadel- 
phia by the British. 

413. To what officer did Washington give the com- 
mand at Philadelphia ? 

414. Describe the battle of Monmouth, giving date, 
cause, incidents, and results. 



188 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

415. How did Washington place his army after tlie 
British retreated to New York city ? 

410. What raids were made by the Tories and In- 
dians in 1778 ? 

417. What change was made in the plans of the 
British in December, 1778 ? 

418. What State was conquered by the British in 
1779? 

419. What can you say of the two armies during 
the year 1779 ? 

420. Describe Sullivan's expedition to the Mohawk 
Valley. 

421. Give an account of the storming of Stony Point. 

422. What raids were made into Connecticut in 
1779 ? For what purpose ? 

423. Describe Lincoln's expedition against Savannah 
in 1779. 

424. What can you tell of Colonel Hamilton in the 
Northwest ? 

425. Describe Colonel Clark's expedition and the 
results of the campaign. 

426. Naval exploits: (a) What were privateers? (b) 
How many British vessels were captured by the Ameri- 
cans during the revolution ? (c) Give an account of 
Paul Jones and his exploits. 

427. Give some reasons for the inactivity of the two 
armies in 1779. 

428. Describe the siege of Charleston in 1780, giv- 
ing results. 

429. What British officer was in command at the 
South ? 

430. What method of warfare was used by Cornwallis? 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 189 

431. Describe the battle of Camden and its results 
upon the American army. 

432. Partisan corps : (a) What is meant by a partisan 
corps ? (b) Xame partisan leaders at the South and 
show what they accomplished for the American cause. 

433. Arnold's treason : (a) What can you say of the 
character of Arnold ? (6) W^hat events may have influ- 
enced him to become a traitor ? (c) How and when was 
his treachery discovered ? (d) What reward did he 
receive ? 

434. Describe the battle of King's Mountain giving 
the position of the British, names of commanders, 
the result of the attack, and the importance of the 
battle. 

435. What re-inforcements from France arrived in 
1780? 

436. Where were Washington's headquarters during 
the winter of 1780-1781 ? 

437. Who commanded the little American army at 
the South in 1781 ? 

438. What was his plan of action ? 

439. Give an account of the battle of Cowpens, giv- 
ing results. 

440. Describe Greene's retreat to Virginia. 

441. What can you say of the engagement at Guil- 
ford court house, and its results ? 

442. What occurred at Hobkirk's Hill ? 

443. How long did Greene's southern campaign last ? 

444. Name the last battle of this campaign. 

445. Give results of Greene's campaign. 

446. What can you say of Greene's methods ? 



190 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

447. What depredations were committed by Arnold 
during the year 1781 ? 

448. To what place did Cornwallis take his army? 

449. Who commanded the American forces in 
Virginia ? 

450. How was Cornwallis driven from Petersburg ? 

451. What place did the British fortify? 

452. Why was this place chosen ? 

453. Explain Washington's plans. 

454. How did he place the French and American 
forces ? 

455. What difficulty arose when the army reached 
Philadelphia ? 

456. How was this difficulty overcome ? 

457. How were the British deceived ? 

458. Siege of Yorktown : (a) With what forces was 
the siege of Yorktown undertaken ? (b) When did it 
begin, and how long did it last ? (c) How was Corn- 
wallis forced to surrender ? {d) Give the number of 
prisoners taken, (e) Give results of the surrender. 

459. Where did Washington make his headquarters 
after the surrender at Yorktown ? 

460. When, and by what treaty, was the revolution- 
ary war closed ? 

461. Give the terms of the treaty of Paris. 

462. What diplomatic victory was won at Paris at 
this time V 

463. Give the cost of the revolutionary war for Eng- 
land and for the United States. 

464. What cities were held by the British after the 
war was practically over ? 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 191 

465. What excuse had the British for holding mili- 
tary posts after the treaty had been made ? 

466. At the close of the revolutionary war, what was 
the condition of the country in regard to business in 
general, the army, and finances ? 

467. What were the Articles of Confederation ? 

468. When did they become operative ? 

469. What can you say of the western lands owned 
by the different States ? 

470. Give some provisions of the Articles of Con- 
federation. 

471. H'OW were the Articles of Confederation de- 
fective ? 

472. Describe Shays's rebellion, giving causes, inci- 
dents, and results. 

473. What has been called the critical period of 
American history ? 

474. What was the ordinance of 1787 ? 

475. Name some of its provisions. 

476. Give an account of the convention of 1787, 
giving the reason for calling the meeting, the States 
represented, and the work accomplished. 

477. When did the new Constitution go into effect ? 

478. What did the revolution accomplish for the 
American colonies ? 

479. What did the new Constitution do for them ? 

480. What is meant by the Bill of Rights ? 

481. How many amendments have been added to 
the original Constitution ? 

482. Explain the compromises of the Constitution : 
(a) as to the relations of the State and national gov- 



192 QUESTIONS ON AMERICAN HISTORY 

ernments; (b) as to representation of States; (c) as to 
the counting of slaves for representation; (d) as to 
taxes on exports and the importation of slaves. 

483. What is the legislative department, and of 
what does it consist ? 

484. How are representatives chosen and for what 
term ? 

485. What are the requirements for the office of 
representative ? 

486. How is representation apportioned among the 
States ? 

487. How are members of the House chosen ? Who 
presides over the House of Representatives ? 

488. What powers has the House of Representatives ? 

489. How are the senators chosen, and for what term ? 

490. What requirements for the office of senator? 

491. What is the number of senators, and who is 
the presiding officer in the Senate ? 

492. What is the executive department ? 

493. What is a veto ? 

494. When may a bill become law, over the presi- 
dent's veto ? 

495. What are the requirements for the offices of 
president and vice-president ? 

496. How is the president elected, and for what term? 

497. What is the judicial department ? 

498. What can you say of the members of the Su- 
preme Court. 

499. How are they appointed, and for what term ? 

500. What can you say of the decisions of this 
department ? 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 193 

501. Name some provisions of the Constitution in 
regard to freedom of speech. 

502. What can you say of laws relating to morals 
and public conduct ? 

503. What matters are always settled by the congress? 

504. What can you say of trial by jury ? 

505. How did our first political parties originate? 

506. What names were given them ? 

507. Name noted representatives of each party. 



INDKX 



PAGE 

Albany convention 95, 96 

Allen, Ethan 106, 107, 145 

alliance with France 123 

amendments to the constitution. 141 

America, discovery of 17, 18 

naming of 18 

Amerigo Vespucci 18 

Andros, Governor 47, 58, 64 

anti-federalists 144 

Arnold, Benedict 

108, 121, 129, 133, 134, 146 

articles of confederation... 138, 139 

Bacon, Nathaniel 38, 39 

Bacon's rebellion 38,39 

Balboa 19 

Baltimore, Lord 65 

Bemis Heights 1 19, 121 

Bennington, battle of 119 

Berkeley, Sir William 39 

bill of rights 141 

biographic notes 40, 41, 47, 48, 145 

Boston, settlement of 55 

evacuation of 109 

massacre 103 

port bill 103 

siege of 109 

tea party, 101-102 

Braddock's defeat 91, 92 

Bradford, William 54 

Brandyvi'ine, battle of 117 

Brewster, William 54 

Brown university 71 

Bunker Hill, battle of .107 

Burgoyne, General. .118, 121, 122, 146 



PAGE 

Cabot, John 23 

Cabrillo 20 

Camden, battle of 128 

Cartier 20 

Carver, John 53 

causes of the revolution 100 

Champlain 20, 21 

Charleston, siege of 128 

charter government 34, 55, 64, 71 

Oak 64 

of the London company 

32,33,34.35 

Cherry Valley 125 

claims of the four nations 27, 28 

Clark, George Rogers.,.. 126, 127, 146 

Clayborne's rebellion 66, 67 

Clinton, Sir Henry , 

109, 124, 126, 129, 135, 146 

Coddington, William.. 71 

Coligny 21, 22 

college of William and Mary 40 

colonial forms of government 34 

Columbus 16 

coming of women to America 36 

compromises of the constitution. 

...., 141, 142, 143 

Concord 105 

condition of the colonies in 1763.. 96 

of the country in 1783 137 

congress, Albany 95, 96 

first continental., 104 

second continental 106 

Connecticut 62 

constitution 140, 141 

convention of 1787 140 



(195) 



196 



is^OTES ON EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY 



PAGE 

Conway, Thoraus 122, 146 

Coniwallis 11-1, 116. 

...128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 146 

Coronado 20 

Cortez 19 

Cow pens, battle of 132 

critical period 139, 140 

Crown Point 88, 107 

Dale, Governor 37 

Dartmouth college 61 

Davenport, Rev. John 63 

declaration of independence 110 

De Gouvgues 22 

De Grasse 123, 134, 147 

D'Estaing 123, 147 

De Kalb 128, 147 

Delaware, Lord 40 

settlement of 72 

DeLeon 19 

DeSoto .. 19 

destruction of Acadia 90.91 

Diaz 15,20 

Dongan charter 48 

treaty with the Iioquois 48 

Drake 24 

Duquesne 88, 91, 92 

Dutch explorations 27 

earliest permanent settlemiMits. ..28 

Edwards, Rev. Jonathan 99 

Eliot, Rev. John 59 

Endicott, Gov. John 54 

Ericsson, Leif 10 

Espejo 20 

Eutaw Springs, battle of 133 

federalists 144 

Ferguson 131, 147 

first legislative assembly 36, 37 

flight of St. Leger 120 

Florida 19. 20, 22 

Fort Moultrie, battle of 109 

Franl<lin 95, 96, 111, 123, 137, 147 

French explorers 20 



PAGE 

French forts in the west 88, 89 

on the St. Lawrence 90, 91 

in South Carolina 21, 75 

in Florida 22 

and Indian war 87 

explorations in the west 22 

Frobisher 24 

Gage, General 102, 104, 107, 148 

Gates, General Horatio 

119. 121, 122.128, 148 

Georgia 80 

Germantown, battle of 117, 118 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 24 

Gorges and Mason 60 

Gosnold 26 

grand model ..73 

great law 78 

Greene. General 131. 132, 133, 148 

Guilford court house 132 

Harvard college 56 

Hennepin, Father * 23 

Hessians 110, 115 

Hobkirk's Hill 133 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas 62 

House of Burgesses 37 

Howe, General William 

107, 112, 113, 117, 124, 149 

Hudson, Henry 27 

Huguenots 21, 22. 75 

llutcliinson, Mrs. Anne 56 

Indians 10, 12, 37 

inter-colonial wars 84. 85, 86. 87 

.laniestown 32 

Jasper, Sergeant 126, 150 

Jesuit missionaries 22, 23 

Joliet 23 

Jones. Paul 127. 150 

Kidd, Captain 47 

Kieft, William 44 

King George's war 8ft 



INDEX 



197 



King Philip's wur 

William's war 

King's college 

mountain, battle of. 



PAGE 

....57 
....84 



131 



Lafayette 135, 151 

La Salle 23 

Laudonniere 22 

Lee, Genera] Charles. . ..114, 124, 151 

Leif Ericsson 10 

Leisler, Jacob 47 

Lexington 105. 106 

Lincoln, General 126, 152 

London company 26, 27, 32 

Long Island, battle of 112, 113 

Louisburg 87, 88. 93 



PAGE 

New Jersey 50 

New Netherlands 43 

Newport. Christopher... 40 

New Sweden 45, 72 

New York 43 

cam paign Ill 

North Carolina 73 

northmen 10 

northwest territory.. 126, 137, 140, 146 
noted foreigners in the revolution 

122 

Oglethorpe, James 80 

old routes to the east 14 

ordinance of 1787 140 

Oriskany, battle of 120 



Magellan 19 

Maine 26, 60, 61 

Manhattan Island 44 

Marco Polo 14 

Marquette 23 

Maryland 65 

Mason and Dixon's line 68, 69 

Mason and Gorges 60 

Massachusetts a royal province... 

58.59 

Ikiy colony 54 

Massasoit 54 

May, Cornelius 47 

Menendez ... 20 

minute men 104 

Monmouth, battle of 124 

Montcalm 93, 94 

Morris. Robert 115, 134, 153 

Morristown 117, 125. 131 

mound builders 9 

mutiny act 103 

naval exploits 127 

navigation acts 38, 42, 100 

negro plot 46 

Newburg 136 

New England, naming of 40 

confederacy 57 

New Hampshire 60 



partisan corps 128 

patroons 43 

Penn, William 77-79 

Pennsylvania 77 

campaign 117 

Pequod war 63, 64 

Philadelphia 78 

Pilgrims, or Separatists 52 

Plymouth colony 52, 53 

company 26, 27, 32 

Pocahontas 41 

political parties 144 

Pontiac's war 95 

Port Royal, N. S 21, 85 

S. C 21 

Portuguese voyages 15, 20 

Powhatan 41 

Prescott, Colonel 107. 154 

proprietary government 

34, 60, 68, 72. 73, 75, 77, 81 

Pring 26 

Princeton, battle of 116 

college 51 

provincial congress 104-105 

provisions of theconstitution. 143. 144 
Puritans 52, 54 

Quakers, or Friends 56. 77 

Quebec 21, 93, 94, 108 



198 



NOTES ON EARl.Y AMERICAN HISTORY 



Queen Alines war. 



PAGE 

. ... 85 



ruicLs in the revolution 

125, 126, 128, 133, 134 

Raleigh, 25,26 

reference tables, .29, 30, 31, 82, 83, 160 

reforms in Virginia 39 

retreat through New Jersey 114 

Revere, Paul 155, 156 

revival of learning ..14 

revolutionary war 100 

Rhode Island 70 

Ribaut, John 21 

Rochanibeau 123, 134, 156 

Rolfe. John 41 

royal pro vi nee . . 34,35,55,58,60,68,75,81 

Haleni, settlement of .54 

Avitchcraft, 58 

Santa Fe 20, 29, 30 

Saratoga, battle of 121 

Savannah 125, 126 

Schenectady 85 

Schuyler. General 119, 1.56 

Shays's rebellion 139. 156 

slavery introduced into America. .36 

Smith, Captain John 40 

South Carolina 75 

sons of liberty 103 

stamp act 101 

Standish, Miles 54 

starving-time in Virginia ■ 36 

Steuben, Haron 122, 123, 134, 157 

St. Leger 120 

Stony Point 126 

Stuyvesant 45 

Sullivan, General 125, 157 

taxation without representation. 104 

tax on tea 101 

Ticonderoga 88, 106, 109, 118 

toleration acts 66 

tories 104 

trejison of Arnold 129 

treaty of Paris (1763) 94, 95 



PA6K 

treaty of Paris (1783) 136, 137 

with the Iroquois 48 

Trenton, battle of 115 

union of New I^ngland colonies.. 57 
of Connecticut colonies 63 

Valley Forge 118, 123 

Van Twiller ..44 

Vermont 61 

Ver razano 20 

Vespucci, Amerigo 18 

Virginia 32 

voluntary association 34, 53,71 

Wadsworth, William 64 

Washington, sketch of life of 158 

messenger to the French. .89, 90 

at Fort Duquesne 91 

commander-in-chief 106, 108 

at siege of Boston 109 

at Trenton 115 

in Pennsylvania 117 

at Valley Forge 118.123 

at Monmouth 124 

at Yorktown 135 

as president 141 

Wayne, General 126, 134, 159 

Wesley, John and Charles 81 

West Point 113, 129 

Wheelwright, Rev. John 60 

whigs in revolution 104 

White field 81 

Williams, Roger 55, 70 

Winthrop, John 54, 55 

Wolfe at Quebec 94 

Writs of assistance 102 

Wyoming massacre 125 

Vale college 64 

Yeardley, Governor 37 

Yorktown 135. 136 



Zenger trial. 



.48. 49 



NOV 1SIS12 



